Websites
Runtime: 4.3s
On May 5, 2020 at 11:31:04 AM UTC, http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/ was accessible when tested on AS136255 in Myanmar (Burma).
Failures
HTTP Experiment
null
DNS Experiment
null
Control
null
DNS Queries
Resolver:
103.85.104.43
Query:
IN A mymetroworld.blogspot.com
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
Answer IP Info
@
IN
CNAME
blogspot.l.googleusercontent.com
Unknown AS
@
IN
A
74.125.24.132
Unknown AS
TCP Connections
74.125.24.132:80: succeeded
HTTP Requests
URL
GET http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/
Response Headers
X-XSS-Protection:1; mode=blockX-Content-Type-Options:nosniffTransfer-Encoding:chunkedAccept-Ranges:noneExpires:Tue, 05 May 2020 13:34:52 GMTVary:Accept-EncodingServer:GSELast-Modified:Sat, 29 Feb 2020 08:23:45 GMTCache-Control:private, max-age=0Date:Tue, 05 May 2020 13:34:52 GMTContent-Type:text/html; charset=UTF-8
Response Body
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<link rel="service.post" type="application/atom+xml" title="New Generation of Metropolitan - Atom" href="https://www.blogger.com/feeds/1095469466403255308/posts/default" />
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<div class='blogtitle'>
<div id='blogtitle'><a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/'>New Generation of Metropolitan</a></div>
<div id='blogdesc'>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id='banner-head'>
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<ul>
<li><a href='/'>Home</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/search/label/Introduction'>မိတ္ဆက္</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/04/metro-or-subway-faq_23.html'>Metro FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/search/label/News'>သတင္းမ်ား</a></li>
<li><a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Ebooks'>Ebooks</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/search/label/Video'>ဗီဒီယို</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/02/welcome-to-my-metro-world.html'>ဥမင္ေဝါဟာရမ်ား</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/03/tbm-glossary.html'>ကမာၻ႔မီထ႐ို</a></li>
</ul>
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</div>
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<!-- (Main) -->
<div class='contentwrapper'>
<div id='content'>
<!-- Delete or replace with your ad -->
<!-- Convert using http://www.eblogtemplates.com/blogger-ad-code-converter/ -->
<div id='ga-ads'>
<marquee behavior='alternate' scrolldelay='150 '><span style='font-weight: bold;color:rgb(51, 102, 255);'>* THINK POSITIVE. TOGETHER WE ARE BUILDING THE FUTURE *</span></marquee>
</div>
<!-- End Google ad -->
<div class='main section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'>
<div class='blog-posts'>
<!--Can't find substitution for tag [adStart]-->
<div class='post uncustomized-post-template'>
<div class='entrytitle'>
<a name='1337588540590455757'></a>
<h2>
<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2015/03/stabilization-lining.html'>ဥမင္ Stabilization ႏွင့္ Lining ဒီဇိုင္း အေျခခံသေဘာတရားမ်ား</a>
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<a class='comment-link' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2015/03/stabilization-lining.html#comment-form' onclick=''> 1 ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္၊
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(Principles of tunnel stabilization and lining design)
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hFuUiJrqS5I/VPyCGuse1UI/AAAAAAAAGTY/0AbxIbQpkYc/s1600/Engineering-blueprint-TS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hFuUiJrqS5I/VPyCGuse1UI/AAAAAAAAGTY/0AbxIbQpkYc/s200/Engineering-blueprint-TS.jpg" /></a></div>
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ဥမင္တစ္ခုေဖာက္လုပ္သည့္အခါ ေဖာက္လုပ္ေနစဥ္ (During Excavation) အတြင္း ဥမင္၏ျပဳမူပံု (သို႔) လုပ္ေဆာင္ပံု (behavior) ကို သိရွိနားလည္ရန္ လိုအပ္သကဲ့သို႔ ထို behavior ကို Reinforcing စနစ္အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး (သို႔) ပင့္ေထာက္မႈစနစ္ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးတို႔ ထည့္သြင္း တပ္ဆင္ျခင္းျဖင့္ Modify လုပ္ႏိုင္သည္ကို နားလည္သေဘာေပါက္ရန္ အေရးႀကီးပါသည္။ ဥမင္တည္ၿငိမ္ခိုင္ခံ့မႈ (Stabilization) ဆိုသည္မွာ ဥမင္တူးေဖာ္မႈ မတိုင္မီ၊ ေဖာက္လုပ္ေနစဥ္ႏွင့္ ေဖာက္လုပ္ၿပီးခ်က္ခ်င္း ကနဦးပင့္ေထာက္မႈ (Initial Support) ကို ျပဳလုပ္ေပးၿပီး လံုၿခံဳစိတ္ခ်ရေသာ၊ ျမန္ဆန္စြာ အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ေသာ၊ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ သက္သာေသာ ေဖာက္လုပ္မႈကို ျဖစ္ေစသည့္ စနစ္မ်ား အသံုးျပဳျခင္းကို ဆိုလိုပါသည္။ Lining ဆိုသည္မွာ ဥမင္ေဖာက္လုပ္ၿပီးခ်က္ခ်င္းျဖစ္ေစ၊ အခ်ိန္အေတာ္ၾကာမွျဖစ္ေစ အၿမဲတမ္း (Permanent Support) ပင့္ေထာက္မႈကို လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးမည့္ ေရရွည္ခံေသာ၊ ထိန္းသိမ္းရလြယ္ကူေသာ Long-term အၿပီးသတ္ ဥမင္နံရံပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ မည္သည့္ ဥမင္ Lining စနစ္ကို အသံုးျပဳမည္ဆိုသည္မွာ ေျမႀကီး၏ အေျခအေနမ်ားႏွင့္ ဥမင္ကို အသံုးျပဳမည့္ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္မ်ားေပၚတြင္ မူတည္ပါသည္။ ဥမင္မ်ား ေဖာက္လုပ္ၾကရာတြင္ Stabilization ႏွင့္ Lining တို႔ကို သီးျခား Operations မ်ားအျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကပါသည္။ ထိုကဲ့သို႔ သီးျခားစနစ္ကို "Two-pass" စနစ္ဟု ေခၚေ၀ၚၾကသည္။ အခ်ဳိ႕ေသာ အေျခအေနမ်ားတြင္ Stabilization ႏွင့္ Lining တို႔၏ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္မ်ားကို ေပါင္းစပ္၍ "One-pass" စနစ္အျဖစ္လည္း အသံုးျပဳၾကပါသည္။</div>
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ေအာက္ပါအခ်က္မ်ားသည္ ဥမင္၏ Stabilization ႏွင့္ Lining တို႔အတြက္ ဒီဇိုင္းပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာႏွင့္ လက္ေတြ႔က်ေသာ ေရြးခ်ယ္မႈမ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္ ထည့္သြင္း စဥ္းစားရမည့္ အေျခခံ သေဘာတရားမ်ားပင္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္- </div>
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၁။ ဥမင္ Lining ၏ အေရးႀကီးဆံုးေသာ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတစ္ရပ္မွာ ၎ဥမင္ပတ္လည္တြင္ ရွိေသာ ေျမသားပင္ ျဖစ္သည္။ </div>
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၂။ ေျမသား၏ အေရးႀကီးဆံုးေသာ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတစ္ရပ္မွာ ေျမေအာက္ေရ ျဖစ္သည္။ </div>
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၃။ ဥမင္ Lining တည္ေဆာက္ရာတြင္ အေရးႀကီးဆံုးေသာ လိုအပ္ခ်က္တစ္ရပ္မွာ ဥမင္နံရံ ပတ္လည္ တေလွ်ာက္ Lining ႏွင့္ ေျမသားတို႔အၾကား လံုၿခံဳစိတ္ခ်ရၿပီး တဆက္တည္း ထိစပ္မႈ (Continuous Contact) ျဖစ္သည္။ </div>
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၄။ ဥမင္ Lining ဒီဇိုင္းျပဳလုပ္ရျခင္း၏ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္မွာ ေျမသားေရြ႕လ်ားမႈ (Ground Movement)ကို တည္ၿငိမ္ေစရန္သာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ထိုေျမသား၏ ၀န္ (Loads) ကို ထမ္းေဆာင္ႏိုင္ရန္မဟုတ္ေပ။</div>
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၅။ ထိေရာက္မႈအရွိဆံုးေသာ ဥမင္တည္ၿငိမ္ခိုင္ခံမႈႏွင့္ Lining စနစ္မွာ သတ္မွတ္ထား သည့္ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈ (Ground Deformation) ကို ခြင့္ျပဳျခင္းအားျဖင့္ ေျမသား၏ ႀကံ့ခိုင္အား (Strength) ကို စုစည္းျဖစ္ေပၚေစျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ </div>
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၆။ ဥမင္ Lining ၏ Axial Stiffness သည္ ဥမင္ပတ္လည္ ေျမသားမွလာေသာ Passive Pressure မ်ားကို စုစည္းေစျခင္းအားျဖင့္ ေျမသား၏ Non-uniform Loads မ်ားကိုျဖန္႔ခြဲသြားေစသည္။ ထိုနည္းျဖင့္ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈမ်ားကို ျပဳျပင္မြမ္းမံႏိုင္သည္။ </div>
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၇။ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈမ်ား (Ground deformations) ကို Modify ျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္ ဥမင္ Lining ၏ Flexural stiffness မွာ သာမန္အားျဖင့္ လံုေလာက္မႈမရွိ၊ ထိေရာက္မႈ မရွိေပ။ </div>
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၈။ တည္ေဆာက္ေရးအဆင့္/အလႊာမ်ားစြာရွိေသာ ဥမင္ Lining မ်ားတြင္ ကနဦးပင့္ေထာက္မႈ (initial construction support) သည္ ေျမသားႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္လွ်င္ အလြန္ေပ်ာ့ေျပာင္းၿပီး ေျမသားဖိအား (Ground stress) မ်ားကို ျပန္လည္ျဖန္႔ခြဲရာတြင္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ Flexural deformations မ်ား၏ ဒဏ္ကို မ်ားစြာခံရသည္။ </div>
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၉။ ဒုတိယအဆင့္/အလႊာ ဥမင္ Lining တပ္ဆင္မႈကို ေျမသားတည္ၿငိမ္မႈ ရရွိသည္ အထိ ေရႊ႕ဆိုင္းထားႏိုင္ပါက ထိုအလႊာသည္ သိသာထင္ရွားေသာ Flexural deformations ဒဏ္ကို မခံစားရေတာ့ေပ။ </div>
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၁၀။ တည္ေဆာက္ေရးအဆင့္ တစ္ဆင့္တည္းသာရွိေသာ/ တစ္လႊာတည္းသာရွိေသာ ဥမင္ Lining မ်ား (ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ Segmental) သည္ ေျမသားႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ပါက ေပ်ာ့ေျပာင္းမႈရွိၿပီး (ရႊံ႕ေပ်ာ့ေျမမ်ားမွအပ)၊ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈမွ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ Parasitic Flexural Stresses မ်ားကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ေပးႏိုင္ေစရန္ ထို Lining မ်ားသည္ တတ္ႏိုင္သမွ် ပါးလႊာေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္သင့္သည္။ </div>
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၁၁။ ဥမင္ Lining အမ်ဳိးအစားေရြးခ်ယ္ရာတြင္ ေျမသား၏ ဂုဏ္သတၱိမ်ားႏွင့္ ကိုက္ညီေသာ တူးေဖာ္ေရး နည္းလမ္းေပၚတြင္ မူတည္ေနၿပီး တပ္ဆင္မည့္ အခ်ိန္သည္လည္း အေရးပါလွပါသည္။ Lining မ်ားကို အခ်ိန္ကိုက္ တပ္ဆင္ႏိုင္စြမ္းသည္ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈႏွင့္ Lining Loads မ်ား၏ ပမာဏမ်ားအေပၚတြင္ အဓိကအားျဖင့္ အက်ဳိးသက္ေရာက္မႈရွိသည္။ </div>
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၁၂။ ဥမင္ Lining ၏ အတိုင္းအတာမ်ားသည္ ေျမသား၏၀န္အား (Ground Load) ထက္ ေရလံုေအာင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္မႈ၊ စက္ပစၥည္းကိရိယာမ်ား သံုးစြဲ/ရရွိႏိုင္မႈ၊ တည္ေဆာက္ႏိုင္မႈ အေျခအေန စသည္တို႔ကို ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားသည့္ အေပၚတြင္ အဓိက မူတည္ပါသည္။ </div>
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၁၃။ ေျမသား၏ ၀န္အား (Ground Loads) ႏွင့္ Passive Pressures မ်ားကို ခန္႔မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္ျခင္းမ်ားသည္ ဥမင္ Lining တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္း/တပ္ဆင္ျခင္း မျပဳလုပ္မီႏွင့္ ျပဳလုပ္ၿပီး အေျခအေနမ်ားတြင္ ထိုေနရာ၌ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာႏိုင္ေသာ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ဆက္ႏႊယ္သည့္ ဖိအားေျပာင္းလဲျခင္း (Stress redistribution) အေပၚ မူတည္ေနေသာေၾကာင့္ တိက်ေသခ်ာမႈ မရွိႏိုင္ေခ်။ ဥမင္အလ်ား တေလွ်ာက္တြင္ ျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသာ Loads ႏွင့္ Pressures မ်ားသည္ ဥမင္တူးေဖာ္ေရး ကၽြမ္းက်င္မႈႏွင့္ ဘူမိေဗဒအေျခအေနမ်ားကိုလိုက္၍ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးေျပာင္းလဲေနပါသည္။ </div>
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၁၄။ ဥမင္ Lining အေပၚသက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ အႀကီးမားဆံုးေသာ ၀န္အားသည္ ဥမင္တူးစက္၏ Shield jacking loads မ်ား၊ Lining ႏွင့္ ေျမသားကို တြဲကပ္ေပးမည့္ Grout Pressures မ်ားစသည့္ တူးေဖာ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းစဥ္မ်ားမွ ထြက္ေပၚလာျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ </div>
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၁၅။ ဥမင္ Lining Rings မ်ားအေပၚ သက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ Stress မ်ားကို သခၤ်ာနည္းလမ္းျဖင့္ Structural analysis ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း၏ တိက်မႈသည္ ေျမသားထု၏ Loads ႏွင့္ Support Conditions မ်ားကို ခန္႔မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္ျခင္း၏ တိက်မႈထက္ မ်ားစြာ ပိုမိုသည္။ </div>
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၁၆။ ဥမင္ Lining Rings မ်ားကို ပတ္လည္ရွိေျမသားႏွင့္ အနားသတ္ေဘာင္ခတ္ထားႏိုင္ပါက (တနည္းအားျဖင့္ Lining ႏွင့္ ေျမသားတို႔အၾကား ေနရာလြတ္မရွိ ထိစပ္တြဲကပ္ေနပါက) ဥမင္နံရံသည္ ေျမသားႏွင့္ကြာ၍ Flexural deformation မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေပ။ ဥမင္ Lining ေနာက္တြင္ Grout မလုပ္ခဲ့မိေသာ ေနရာလြတ္မ်ားမရွိဘဲႏွင့္ Flexural ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေသာ Lining Structural Failure မျဖစ္ႏိုင္။</div>
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၁၇။ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈ (Ground Deformation) တည္ၿငိမ္မႈမရွိခင္တြင္ တပ္ဆင္ခဲ့ေသာ Lining အစိတ္အပိုင္းမ်ား၏ Structural Performance ကို Axial thrust ေၾကာင့္ ဥမင္ Lining Diameter အေျပာင္းအလဲမ်ားမွ တိုင္းတာရရွိေသာ Deformation မ်ားကို Analyze ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းျဖင့္ ခန္႔မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္ႏိုင္သည္။ အလားတူ ေျမအမ်ဳိးအစားတြင္ ယခင္ဥမင္တူးေဖာ္ျခင္းမ်ားမွ ရရွိလာေသာ အေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ားကို အေျခခံ၍ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ တူးေဖာ္ေရးလိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားအျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္၍ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ တိုင္းတာေရးကိရိယာမ်ားျဖင့္ ေစာင့္ၾကပ္စစ္ေဆး အတည္ျပဳျခင္းျဖင့္ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း သင့္ေတာ္ေသာ ဒီဇိုင္းတန္ဖိုးမ်ားကို သတ္မွတ္ႏိုင္သည္။</div>
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၁၈။ ေျမသားပံုပ်က္ယြင္းမႈ (Ground Deformation) တည္ၿငိမ္မႈရရွိၿပီးမွ တပ္ဆင္ေသာ Lining အစိတ္အပိုင္းမ်ားအတြက္မူ Axial Loads တစ္ခုတည္းအတြက္သာ ခန္႔မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္ႏိုင္ၿပီး ဥမင္အတြင္း ေနာက္ထပ္တည္ေဆာက္မႈမ်ားမွ ျဖစ္လာႏိုင္သည့္ သက္ေရာက္မႈမ်ားႏွင့္ Long-term Ground Squeezing သက္ေရာက္မႈမ်ားအတြက္ Allowances မ်ားကို သင့္ေတာ္သလို ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမည္။</div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pAjKntFjCjQ/VPyFl8mOKwI/AAAAAAAAGTk/Vtf8lwW2RrM/s1600/Design%2BLining.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pAjKntFjCjQ/VPyFl8mOKwI/AAAAAAAAGTk/Vtf8lwW2RrM/s1600/Design%2BLining.png" width="200" /></a> <br />
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ဥမင္ Lining ဒီဇိုင္းျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္ ေျမအေျခအေန ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ မေသခ်ာမႈမ်ား၊ တူးေဖာ္ေရး အစီအစဥ္မ်ား၊ တူးေဖာ္ေနစဥ္အတြင္း ေျမသား၏ တံု႔ျပန္မႈမ်ားကို ထည့္သြင္းစဥ္းစားရပါမည္။ ထိုရွိရင္းစြဲ မေသခ်ာမႈမ်ားသည္ Lining (Elastic Structural Rings) အေပၚ သက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ Stresses မ်ားကို သခၤ်ာနည္းအားျဖင့္ တြက္ခ်က္ျခင္း၏ တိက်မႈႏွင့္ သဟဇာတမျဖစ္ (အေစးမကပ္)သည့္ သေဘာလည္းရွိပါသည္။ မည္သို႔ပင္ဆိုေစ Economical Lining Design တစ္ခုအတြက္ ယံုၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရေသာ လမ္းညႊန္ (Guidance) ဆိုသည္မွာ အမ်ဳိးအစားတူေသာ ေျမမ်ဳိးတြင္ ယခင္ကတူးေဖာ္ခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ ဥမင္ေဖာက္လုပ္ေရးအေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ားအေပၚ အေျခခံျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ထပ္မံ၍ဆိုရေသာ္ <b>ဥမင္ Lining ၏ အေရးႀကီးဆံုးေသာ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတစ္ရပ္မွာ ေျမႀကီးျဖစ္ပါသည္။
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<b>The most important part of the tunnel lining is the ground.</b></blockquote>
<b>Ref:</b> Tunnel Stabilization and Lining, Thomas R. Kuesel, Consulting Engineer, Chairman Emeritus, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc, "Tunnel Engineering Handbook", 2004.
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<span class="dropcaps">ကၽြန္</span>​ေတာ္​ေျပာခ်င္​ေနခဲ့​တဲ့​ အ​ေၾကာင္​းအရာ​ေလ​းတစ္ခုရွိပါတယ္။ ​ေျပာဖို႔စိတ္ကူ​းလိုက္၊ မ​ေျပာ​ေတာ့​ပါဘူ​းလို႔ ဆံု​းျဖတ္လိုက္နဲ႔ ​ေနလာတာ ႏွစ္​ေတြ​ေတာင္ ​ေတာ္​ေတာ္ၾကာပါၿပီ။ အခု​ေတာ့​ ​ေျပာလိုက္​ေတာ့​မယ္ဗ်ာ။ <br><a href="http://i58.tinypic.com/2nu25px.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Photos by depositphotos.com" border="0" height="211" src="http://i58.tinypic.com/2nu25px.jpg" width="320"></a>
<br>အ​ေၾကာင္​းက​ေတာ့​ ရန္ကုန္​ၿမိဳ႕ႀကီ​းနဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လို႔ပါ။ တျခာ​း​က​မာၻ႔ၿမိဳ႕ႀကီ​း​ေတြကို အ​ေပၚစီ​းက ၾကည့​္​ရင္ အရမ္​းလွတာကို ​ေတြ႔ရမွာပါ။ Urban plan စနစ္​တက်ရွိတာ​ရယ္၊ ၿမိဳ႕ျပဗိသုကာဆိုင္ရာ အလွအပ​ေတြကို ထိန္​းသိမ္​းတာ၊ သဘာ၀ ပတ္​၀န္​းက်င္ကို ထိန္​းသိမ္​းဖို႔​ အၿမဲတ​ေစ​ႀကိဳ​းစာ​း​ေနၾက​​တာ​ေတြ​ေၾကာင့္​ ​ေနခ်င္စဖြယ္၊ သြာ​းလည္ခ်င္စဖြယ္လည္​း ျဖစ္ပါ​တယ္။<br>
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<p><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ReTWyOkuxZs/TY75deNflMI/AAAAAAAAFp4/Jqsd41yhcGE/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="120" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ReTWyOkuxZs/TY75deNflMI/AAAAAAAAFp4/Jqsd41yhcGE/s200/2.jpg" width="200"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">တ႐ုတ္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ ပထမဆံုးေသာ ေရေအာက္ရထားလမ္းဥမင္ ေဖာက္လုပ္မႈမွာ ယခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၁၂ ရက္ေန႔က ၿပီးစီးခဲ့ၿပီး ကမာၻ႔အျမန္ဆံုးႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ရထားမ်ားကို ၎ဥမင္အတြင္းမွ ျဖတ္သန္းေျပးဆြဲမည္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ ရွီက်ီယန္ (Shiziyang) ဥမင္ဟုေခၚေသာ အဆိုပါဥမင္စီမံကိန္းသည္ တ႐ုတ္ႏိုင္ငံေတာင္ပိုင္း ကြမ္တံုးျပည္နယ္ (Guangdong) ရွိ ပုလဲျမစ္ဝကိုျဖတ္၍ တည္ေဆာက္ထားျခင္းျဖစ္ၿပီး အရွည္ ၁၀.၈ ကီလိုမီတာ ရွိသည္။ ဥမင္အတြင္း ရထားမ်ားကို တစ္နာရီလွ်င္ ၃၅၀ ကီလိုမီတာႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ေမာင္းႏွင္ႏိုင္ရန္ ဒီဇိုင္းျပဳလုပ္ထားၿပီး ထိုအျမန္ႏႈန္းသည္ ကမာၻတစ္ဝွန္းရွိ ေရေအာက္ဥမင္မ်ားတြင္ အျမင့္ဆံုးႏႈန္းျဖစ္သည္။</div></div>
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<p><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQAxeYJTOJnURszhowmkJevTJ5hTl2jwPiR67MzVB6kKDhBs5fajPk7oS77Gg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQAxeYJTOJnURszhowmkJevTJ5hTl2jwPiR67MzVB6kKDhBs5fajPk7oS77Gg"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Shotcrete ၏ ဘက္စံုအသံုးဝင္ျခင္း၊ ပတ္ဝန္းက်င္ႏွင့္ လိုက္ေလ်ာညီစြာ အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ေစ်းသက္သာျခင္းတို႔ေၾကာင့္ ယေန႔ေခတ္ ဥမင္ႏွင့္ တြင္း (shaft) မ်ားတည္ေဆာက္ရာတြင္ တြင္တြင္က်ယ္က်ယ္ အသံုးျပဳေနၿပီျဖစ္သည္။ လတ္တေလာ ေဖာက္လုပ္ထားေသာ ဥမင္ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္မ်ားတြင္ ခ်က္ခ်င္း အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ျခင္း၊ ဥမင္ႏွင့္ တြင္း(shaft)တို႔ ဆက္စပ္ေနရာမ်ား၊ ဥမင္ခ်ဲ႕ထြင္ေသာ ေနရာမ်ား၊ ဥမင္လမ္းေၾကာင္း အဆက္ေနရာမ်ားတို႔တြင္ တြဲစပ္အေနျဖင့္ အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ေျမအေျခအေနကိုလိုက္၍ သင့္ေတာ္ေသာ အေရာအေႏွာ၊ အထူတို႔ကို အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးအသံုးျပဳ၍ ရျခင္းတို႔သည္ Shotcrete ၏ အားသာခ်က္မ်ား ျဖစ္သည္။<br>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2011/03/shotcrete-in-tunneling.html#more'>အျပည့္အစံုသို႔</a>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2011/03/longest-rail-tunnnels-in-south-east.html'>Longest rail-tunnels in South-East Asia</a>
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<p><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-JlzGUSMCRdU/TXMGoQwluoI/AAAAAAAAFpM/tr-b8eMg_ZQ/s1600/hbm7bz8m.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-JlzGUSMCRdU/TXMGoQwluoI/AAAAAAAAFpM/tr-b8eMg_ZQ/s200/hbm7bz8m.bmp" width="200"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွတြင္ အရွည္ဆံုးျဖစ္လာမည့္ ေဒသအေခၚ ဘီရာပစ္ (Berapit) အမႊာရထားလမ္းဥမင္မ်ားကို မေလးရွားကၽြန္းဆြယ္ ေျမာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ေဖာက္လုပ္ၿပီးစီးခဲ့ၿပီ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ ၂.၂ ကီလိုမီတာစီ ရွည္လ်ားသည့္ အဆိုပါဥမင္မ်ားကို သမား႐ိုးက်တူးေဖာ္နည္း ျဖစ္သည့္ Drilling and blasting method ကို အသံုးျပဳကာ Sandvik DT820-SC ဥမင္တူး jumbos မ်ားျဖင့္ တူးေဖာ္ခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။</div></div>
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<h2>
<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2010/07/elastic-medium.html'>Elastic medium တြင္ တုန္ခါမႈရင္းျမစ္မွ ထြက္ေပၚလာေသာ လိႈင္းမ်ား ပ်ံ႕ႏွ႔ံသက္ေရာက္ျခင္း</a>
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4
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<p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Simple_harmonic_motion_animation.gif/350px-Simple_harmonic_motion_animation.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Simple_harmonic_motion_animation.gif/350px-Simple_harmonic_motion_animation.gif" width="320"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ေျမငလ်င္လႈပ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ငလ်င္လိႈင္းမ်ား သက္ ေရာက္သည့္အခါ (သို႔မဟုတ္) လူတို႔ျပဳလုပ္ ေသာ ေျမေအာက္ ေဖာက္ခြဲမႈ (ဝါ) ဥမင္တူးေဖာ္မႈမ်ား ျပဳလုပ္သည့္အခါ ေျမသားထုအတြင္း ဒိုင္နမစ္အား လႈိင္းမ်ား ပ်ံႏွံ႔ သက္ေရာက္ေလ့ရွိပါသည္။ ထိုလႈိင္း မ်ား ေျမထုအတြင္း ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႔သက္ေရာက္ပံုကို လြယ္ကူစြာ တြက္ခ်က္ႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ လိႈင္းအလ်ား ၏ ၂ ဆ၊ ၃ဆခန္႔ ရွိေသာ အကြာအေဝးတြင္ လႈိင္းမ်ားကို ျဖစ္ေပၚေစေသာ ရင္းျမစ္ (source) မ်ားကိုထားရွိၿပီး တြက္ခ်က္ေလ့ရွိသည္။ Elastic medium အတြင္း လႈိင္းမ်ား သက္ေရာက္မႈေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ ေျမသားထုအတြင္း အား (stress) ႏွင့္ အေရြ႕(Displacement) တို႔ ျဖန္႔ခြဲ သက္ေရာက္ပံုမွာ အေတာ္အတန္ ႐ႈပ္ေထြးပါသည္။ လႈိင္းမ်ားပ်ံ႕ႏွံစဥ္ (wave radiation) အတြင္း အား (stress)မ်ား သက္ေရာက္ပံုမွာ လႈိင္းျဖစ္ေပၚရာ ရင္းျမစ္၏ အမ်ဳိးအစား၊ ထိုရင္းျမစ္၏ ပတ္လည္ရွိ ထိစပ္ေနေသာ ေျမသားဂုဏ္သတၱိ တို႔အေပၚ အဓိက မူတည္ေနပါသည္။</div>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_31.html'>ဘဂၢဒက္တြင္ ကန္ေဒၚလာ ၃ ဘီလီယံတန္ မီထ႐ို တည္ေဆာက္မည္</a>
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8
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<p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=1095469466403255308" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://thenonist.com/images/uploads/bagddmetro.full.jpg" width="200"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">အီရတ္ႏိုင္ငံ၊ ဘဂၢဒက္ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္တြင္ အေမရိကန္ ေဒၚလာ ၃ ဘီလီယံတန္ မီထ႐ို စီမံကိန္းကို ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ ျပည္ပမွ ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး ကုမၸဏီႀကီး ၈ ခုကို ဆန္ကာတင္စာရင္း တင္သြင္းထားေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ ၎စီမံကိန္းသည္ စစ္ဒဏ္ကို ဆယ္စုႏွစ္မ်ားစြာ ခံစားခဲ့ရၿပီး ရင္းႏွီးျမွဳပ္ႏွံမႈမ်ား မရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ပ်က္စီးေနသည့္ ဘဂၢဒက္ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္၏ အေျခခံ အေဆာက္အအံုမ်ားကို ျပန္လည္တည္ေဆာက္ရန္ ႀကိဳးပမ္းမႈ တစ္ရပ္လည္း ျဖစ္သည္။</div>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2010/05/trans-asian-railways-tar.html'>ဥေရာပ - အာရွ ရထားလမ္းကြန္ယက္ (Trans-Asian Railways - TAR)</a>
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0
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<p><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1095469466403255308&postID=1189047209444983671" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://indolinkenglish.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/trans-asian-railway.jpg" width="200"></a><span class="dropcaps">ဥ</span>ေရာပ - အာရွျဖတ္ေက်ာ္ ရထားကြန္ယက္ (Trans-Asian Railways - TAR) သည္ဥေရာပႏွင့္ အာရွႏိုင္ငံမ်ားအၾကား ကုန္စည္အျပန္အလွန္ စီးဆင္းမႈရွိေစရန္ စီမံေဖာက္လုပ္မည့္ ရထားလမ္းကြန္ယက္ စီမံကိန္းျဖစ္သည္။ အာရွႏွင့္ ပစိဖိတ္ ေဒသဆိုင္ရာ စီးပြားေရးႏွင့္ လူမႈေရးလုပ္ငန္း ေကာ္မရွင္ - (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - UNESCAP )၏ စီမံကိန္းတခုလည္း ျဖစ္သည္။</div>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2010/05/railway-signaling-system.html'>Railway signaling system အေၾကာင္း ေလ့လာျခင္း</a>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Electric%20Traction' rel='tag'>Electric Traction</a>,
<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Radio-Electronic' rel='tag'>Radio-Electronic</a>
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3
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<p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="dropcaps">ရ</span>ထားဘူတာရံုမ်ားႏွင့္ လမ္းပုိင္းမ်ားတြင္ လွ်ပ္စစ္ရထားမ်ား အႏၱရာယ္ကင္းစြာ ေမာင္းႏွင္ႏိုင္ရန္ အတြက္ railway signaling system ႏွင့္ automatic control system တုိ႔သည္ အေရးႀကီးေသာ အခန္းက႑မွ ပါဝင္လ်က္ရိွသည္။ ရထားပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေရး လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၏ signaling system အတြက္ အသံုးျပဳေသာ equipments မ်ားကုိ equipments for signaling, centralization and blocking systems ဟုေခၚဆုိေလ႔ရွိသည္။ စနစ္တစ္ခုလံုးကုိ မေလ႔လာမီ အေရးႀကီးေသာ အေခၚအေဝၚမ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ signal၊ signaling၊ centralization၊ blocking စသည္တုိ႔ကုိ စတင္ မိတ္ဆက္လုိပါသည္။<br></div>
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3
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<p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;">နိဒါန္း</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ယေန႔ေခတ္ လူေနမႈ အဆင့္အတန္း ျမင့္မားလာသည္ႏွင့္အမွ် လွ်ပ္စစ္ဓာတ္အား သံုးစြဲမႈသည္လည္း တစ္ေန႔ထက္တစ္ေန့ ပုိမိုမ်ားျပားလာပါသည္။ လွ်ပ္စစ္ဓာတ္အားသံုးစြဲမႈ မ်ားျပားလာသည့္အေလ်ာက္ လွ်ပ္စစ္ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာ မေတာ္တဆ ထိခိုက္မႈမ်ား၊ လွ်ပ္စစ္အႏၱရာယ္မ်ားကုိလည္း ေတြ႔ႀကံဳလာၾကရပါသည္။ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ လွ်ပ္စစ္အႏၱရာယ္ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ အေျခခံဗဟုသုတမ်ားကုိ လွ်ပ္စစ္ပစၥည္း ကိရိယာမ်ားႏွင့္ ထိေတြ႔အသံုးျပဳေနသူတုိင္း သိရွိထားသင့္ပါသည္။ ဤေဆာင္းပါးတြင္ စာေရးသူ ယခုျပဳစုေနသည့္ စာတမ္း၏ တစိတ္တပုိင္း ျဖစ္ေသာ လွ်ပ္စစ္ဓာတ္လုိက္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ သိေကာင္းစရာမ်ားႏွင့္ ေျမေအာက္ရထား ဘူတာရံုမ်ား၊ ေျမေအာက္ဥမင္မ်ားရွိ လွ်ပ္စစ္ဓာတ္အားေပးသည့္ စနစ္တြင္ လွ်ပ္စစ္အႏၱရာယ္ က်ေရာက္လာပါက ကာကြယ္ႏိုင္ရန္ ပစၥည္းကိရိယာမ်ား တပ္ဆင္ထားရွိျခင္း အပိုင္းမွ အခ်ိဳ႕ကုိ မိတ္ဆက္ ေရးသားထားပါသည္။<br>
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<a class='comment-link' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post_29.html#comment-form' onclick=''> 1 ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္၊
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<p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="dropcaps">႐ု</span>ရွားႏိုင္ငံ၊ ေမာ္စကိုၿမိဳ႕ မီထ႐ိုတြင္း၌ ယေန႔နံနက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ဗံုးေပါက္ကြဲမႈ ၂ ခု ျဖစ္ပြားရာ လူ ၃၅ ဦးေသဆံုးၿပီး ၆၀ ေက်ာ္ ဒဏ္ရာ ရရွိေၾကာင္း သတင္းရရွိသည္။ အမ်ဳိသမီး အေသခံဗံုးခြဲသူ ၂ ဦးက ခရီးသည္ အသြားအလာ ထူထပ္မ်ားျပားေသာ တနလၤာေန႔ မနက္ပိုင္းအခ်ိန္တြင္ ဗံုးခြဲ တိုက္ခိုက္ခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ဗံုးေပါက္ကြဲမႈ ျဖစ္ပြားရာ ေနရာမ်ားသည္ ေမာ္စကို ၿမိဳ႕လယ္ေနရာမ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ ဒူးမားလႊတ္ေတာ္၊ ေမာ္စကို ရင္ျပင္နီ စသည့္အထင္ကရ ေနရာမ်ားမွ ကီလုိမီတာ အနည္းငယ္မွ်သာ ကြာေဝးကာ ႐ံုးမ်ား၊ ေစ်းဆိုင္မ်ား၊ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား တည္ရွိၿပီး အသြားအလာ ရႈပ္ေထြးသည့္ ေနရာမ်ားျဖစ္သည္။<br>
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<a href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html'>ဥမင္တူးေဖာ္မႈေၾကာင့္ ေျမမ်က္ႏွာျပင္ နိမ့္က်မႈကို ခန္႔မွန္းတြက္ခ်က္ျခင္း</a>
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4
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<p><span class="dropcaps">ယ</span><br>
<div style="text-align: justify;">ေန႔ကာလတြင္ တုိးပြားလာေသာ လူဦးေရႏွင့္အတူ စီးပြားေရး၊ လူမႈေရးႏွင့္ ပညာေရးစသည့္ အခြင့္အလမ္းမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ႀကီးမ်ားသို႔ ေျပာင္းေရႊ႕အေျခခ်မႈမ်ား ပိုမိုမ်ားျပားလာခဲ့ရာ ၿမိဳ႕ႀကီးမ်ား၏ ၿမိဳ႕ျပဧရိယာမွာလည္း တေန႔တျခား ပိုမိုက်ယ္ျပန္႔လာပါသည္။<br>
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<h2 class='title'>CITY DIRECTORY FROM METRO BITS</h2>
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<a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Adana"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Adana</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Amsterdam"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Amsterdam</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Ankara"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Ankara</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Antwerp"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Antwerp</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Athens"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334466;">Athens</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Atlanta"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Atlanta</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Baku"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#334477;">Baku</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Baltimore"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Baltimore</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bangkok"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Bangkok</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Barcelona"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#112233;">Barcelona</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Beijing"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Beijing</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Belo+Horizonte"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Belo Horizonte</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Berlin"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#001111;">Berlin</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bielefeld"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Bielefeld</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bilbao"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Bilbao</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bochum"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Bochum</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bonn"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Bonn</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Boston"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#001100;">Boston</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Brasilia"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">Brasilia</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Brussels"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Brussels</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bucharest"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Bucharest</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Budapest"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#001100;">Budapest</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Buenos+Aires"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#112222;">Buenos Aires</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Buffalo"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Buffalo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Bursa"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Bursa</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Busan"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445599;">Busan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Cairo"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445599;">Cairo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Caracas"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445599;">Caracas</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Catania"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Catania</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Changchun"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Changchun</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Charleroi"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Charleroi</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Chennai"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Chennai</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Chiba"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Chiba</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Chicago"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#001100;">Chicago</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Chongqing"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Chongqing</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Cleveland"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#334466;">Cleveland</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Cologne"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#334477;">Cologne</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Copenhagen"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Copenhagen</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Daegu"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566aa;">Daegu</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Daejeon"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Daejeon</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Dalian"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">Dalian</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Delhi"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566bb;">Delhi</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Detroit"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Detroit</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Dnepropetrovsk"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Dnepropetrovsk</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Dortmund"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Dortmund</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Dubai"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">Dubai</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Duesseldorf"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Duesseldorf</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Duisburg"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Duisburg</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Edmonton"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Edmonton</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Essen"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#334477;">Essen</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Frankfurt"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Frankfurt</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Fukuoka"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Fukuoka</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Gelsenkirchen"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Gelsenkirchen</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Genoa"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Genoa</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Glasgow"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#001100;">Glasgow</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Guadalajara"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Guadalajara</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Guangzhou"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566aa;">Guangzhou</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Gwangju"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Gwangju</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Haifa"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#334466;">Haifa</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Hamburg"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#112222;">Hamburg</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Hanover"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Hanover</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Helsinki"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Helsinki</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Hiroshima"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Hiroshima</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Hong+Kong"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Hong Kong</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Incheon"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Incheon</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Istanbul"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Istanbul</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Izmir"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Izmir</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Jacksonville"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Jacksonville</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kamakura"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Kamakura</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kaohsiung"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">Kaohsiung</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kazan"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Kazan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kharkov"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Kharkov</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kiev"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Kiev</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kitakyushu"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Kitakyushu</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kobe"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Kobe</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kolkata"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Kolkata</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kryvyi+Rih"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Kryvyi Rih</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kuala+Lumpur"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566aa;">Kuala Lumpur</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Kyoto"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Kyoto</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Las+Vegas"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Las Vegas</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Lausanne"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Lausanne</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Lille"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Lille</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Lima"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Lima</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Lisbon"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#334466;">Lisbon</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=London"><span style="font-size:+2;color:#001100;">London</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Los+Angeles"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Los Angeles</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Ludwigshafen"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#334477;">Ludwigshafen</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Lyon"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Lyon</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Madrid"><span style="font-size:+2;color:#001111;">Madrid</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Manila"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Manila</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Maracaibo"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Maracaibo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Marseille"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Marseille</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Medellin"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Medellin</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Mexico+City"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#334477;">Mexico City</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Miami"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Miami</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Milan"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Milan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Minsk"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Minsk</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Monterrey"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Monterrey</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Montreal"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Montreal</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Moscow"><span style="font-size:+2;color:#223344;">Moscow</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Mulheim"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Mulheim</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Mumbai"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#001100;">Mumbai</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Munich"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Munich</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Nagoya"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334466;">Nagoya</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Naha"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Naha</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Nanjing"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Nanjing</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Naples"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Naples</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=New+York"><span style="font-size:+2;color:#001111;">New York</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Newark"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#223344;">Newark</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Newcastle"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445599;">Newcastle</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Nizhny+Novgorod"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Nizhny Novgorod</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Novosibirsk"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Novosibirsk</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Nuremberg"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Nuremberg</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Oporto"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Oporto</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Osaka"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#223344;">Osaka</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Oslo"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Oslo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Palma+de+Mallorca"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Palma de Mallorca</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Paris"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#001111;">Paris</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Perugia"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Perugia</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Philadelphia"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#001111;">Philadelphia</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Pittsburgh"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Pittsburgh</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Porto+Alegre"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Porto Alegre</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Poznan"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Poznan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Prague"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Prague</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Pyongyang"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445588;">Pyongyang</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Recife"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Recife</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Rennes"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Rennes</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Rio+de+Janeiro"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Rio de Janeiro</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Rome"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#334466;">Rome</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Rotterdam"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334477;">Rotterdam</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Rouen"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Rouen</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Saint+Louis"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566aa;">Saint Louis</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Saint+Petersburg"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334466;">Saint Petersburg</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Samara"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Samara</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=San+Francisco"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#445588;">San Francisco</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=San+Juan"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">San Juan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Santiago"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Santiago</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Santo+Domingo"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Santo Domingo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Sao+Paulo"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Sao Paulo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Sapporo"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Sapporo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Seattle"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Seattle</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Sendai"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Sendai</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Seoul"><span style="font-size:+2;color:#445588;">Seoul</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Seville"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Seville</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Shanghai"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#5566aa;">Shanghai</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Shenzhen"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Shenzhen</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Singapore"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445599;">Singapore</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Sofia"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Sofia</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Stockholm"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334466;">Stockholm</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Stuttgart"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#334477;">Stuttgart</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Sydney"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#112233;">Sydney</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Taipei"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566aa;">Taipei</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Tama"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Tama</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Tashkent"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Tashkent</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Tbilisi"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#334477;">Tbilisi</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Tehran"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">Tehran</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=The+Hague"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">The Hague</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Tianjin"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#5566bb;">Tianjin</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Tokyo"><span style="font-size:+2;color:#112233;">Tokyo</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Toronto"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#334466;">Toronto</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Toulouse"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566aa;">Toulouse</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Turin"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Turin</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Valencia%2CSpain"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445599;">Valencia</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Valencia%2CVenezuela"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Valencia</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Valparaiso"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#5566bb;">Valparaiso</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Vancouver"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445599;">Vancouver</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Vienna"><span style="font-size:+0;color:#445588;">Vienna</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Volgograd"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Volgograd</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Warsaw"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Warsaw</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Washington"><span style="font-size:+1;color:#445588;">Washington</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Wuhan"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566bb;">Wuhan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Wuppertal"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#001111;">Wuppertal</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Yekaterinburg"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#5566aa;">Yekaterinburg</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Yerevan"><span style="font-size:-2;color:#445599;">Yerevan</span></a> <a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Yokohama"><span style="font-size:-1;color:#445588;">Yokohama</span></a><a href="http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Yokohama"><span style="color: rgb(68, 85, 136);"></span></a></div>Currently, there are 175 metros all over the world.
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<h2>က႑အညႊန္း</h2>
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<span dir='ltr'>(13)</span>
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<span dir='ltr'>(12)</span>
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<span dir='ltr'>(10)</span>
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<span dir='ltr'>(51)</span>
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<span dir='ltr'>(43)</span>
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<span dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<span dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
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<li>
<a dir='ltr' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Technical%20section'>Technical section</a>
<span dir='ltr'>(28)</span>
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<li>
<a dir='ltr' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Technical%20views'>Technical views</a>
<span dir='ltr'>(19)</span>
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<li>
<a dir='ltr' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Terminology'>Terminology</a>
<span dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
<li>
<a dir='ltr' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/Video'>Video</a>
<span dir='ltr'>(16)</span>
</li>
<li>
<a dir='ltr' href='http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/search/label/WorldMetroHighlights'>WorldMetroHighlights</a>
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<h2>Ideal Posts</h2>
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<ul>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/10/blog-post.html'>ၿမိဳ႕ျပအေျခခံ အေဆာက္အအံုမ်ား ေျမေအာက္သို႔ တိုးဝင္ျခင္း</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/04/metro-or-subway-faq_23.html'>Metro FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/08/blog-post.html'>ဥမင္က႑မိတ္ဆက္</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/06/blog-post_30.html'>ဥမင္ႏွင့္ေျမေအာက္ရထား မိတ္ဆက္</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/03/blog-post_06.html'>အာဆီယံ မီထ႐ိုပိုလီတန္မ်ား အေၾကာင္း တေစ့တေစာင္း</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/04/blog-post_12.html'>သယ္ယူပို႔ေဆာင္ေရးျပႆနာ ဘယ္လို အေျဖရွာမလဲ</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/11/blog-post.html'>ေျမေအာက္ရထား ႏွင့္ ဗိသုကာ</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/05/blog-post_20.html'>ေျမေအာက္ကမာၻမ်ား</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/07/blog-post_05.html'>လုပ္ငန္းခြင္ ေလ့လာေရး</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/02/underpass.html'>လမ္းကူးလူသြားဥမင္မ်ား</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/04/blog-post_22.html'>မီးရထားက႑မိတ္ဆက္</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/04/blog-post.html'>ရထားနဲ႔ေလယာဥ္ကို ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္ျခင္း</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/07/interstation-tunnel.html'>အဆင့္တစ္ခုအတြက္ေျခလွမ္း</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/05/blog-post.html'>ေျမေအာက္လား၊ ေျမေပၚလား</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/06/blog-post_12.html'>လတ္တေလာ ေမးခြန္းမ်ား</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/05/blog-post_1920.html'>ကမာၻ႔ အရွည္ဆံုးဥမင္မ်ား စာရင္း</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2007/07/reliability-of-metropolitan.html'>Reliability of Metropolitan</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/02/rapid-transit-museums.html'>Rapid Transit Museums</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/02/gotthard-base-tunnel.html'>Gotthard Base tunnel</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mymetroworld.org/2008/02/bridge-tunnel.html'>Bridge-tunnel</a></li>
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<h2>Educational Links</h2>
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<li><a href='http://www.bithukarpyinnyar.co.cc/'>ဗိသုကာ စာမ်က္ႏွာ</a></li>
<li><a href='http://myanmarastronomy.blogspot.com/'>Myanmar Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href='http://autocaddrawing.blogspot.com/'>Learning AutoCAD</a></li>
<li><a href='http://educationinmyanmar.blogspot.com/'>Education for Myanmar Youths</a></li>
<li><a href='http://mmentrepreneur.blogspot.com/'>Myanmar Entrepreneur Group</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.elibrary.net.mm/index.php'>Myanmar e-Library</a></li>
<li><a href='http://engineer4myanmar.com/'>Open Engineering for Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href='http://engineersformyanmar.blogspot.com/'>Engineers For Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.chawlwin.blogspot.com/'>ကိုေခ်ာရဲ႕ M&E</a></li>
<li><a href='http://english4success.blogspot.com/'>English for Success</a></li>
<li><a href='http://nu4power.blogspot.com/'>ႏ်ဴစြမ္းအင္ျဖင့္ ...</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.mmopenxteam.com/'>Myanmar OpenXteam</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.radar-myanmar.co.cc/'>Radar for Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href='http://komoeyay.blogspot.com/'>Ko Moe's Electronics Notes</a></li>
<li><a href='http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/home/home/index.htm'>MIT Open Courseware</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.most.gov.mm/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1'>သိပၸံႏွင့္နည္းပညာ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန</a></li>
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<img border="2" src="http://www.lovat.com/sitefiles/vB_TPL/20050525100844/logo.gif"/>
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<center><script type="text/javascript">startIeFix();</script><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="170" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" height="115"><param value="http://www.fileden.com/files/2007/2/26/823949//izmir.swf" name="movie" /><param value="best" name="quality" /><embed pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" quality="best" width="170" src="http://www.fileden.com/files/2007/2/26/823949//izmir.swf" height="115" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object><script type="text/javascript">dIeFix();</script></center><div align="justify">Izmir မီထ႐ို (တူရကီ)။ တူရကီႏိုင္ငံ အေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ တည္ရွိေသာ လူဦးေရ ၁.၈ သန္း ေက်ာ္ ေနထိုင္ေသာ ႏိုင္ငံ၏ တတိယ အႀကီးဆံုး ၿမိဳ႕ျဖစ္သည္။ ပထမဆံုး မီထ႐ိုလိုင္းသည္ ၁၁.၅ ကီလိုမီတာ ရွည္လ်ားၿပီး ဘူတာ႐ုံ ၁၀ ခု ပါဝင္သည္။ ရထားလိုင္းကို ၂၀၀၀ ခုႏွစ္ ေမလ ၂၂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ စမ္းသပ္ ေျပးဆြဲခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ပံုမွန္ ခရီးသည္ ပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး ဝန္ေဆာင္မႈကို အဆိုပါႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၂၅ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ စတင္ခဲ့သည္။</div>
<a href="http://mymetroworld.blogspot.com/2007/03/tbm-glossary.html"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><blink>Read more</blink></span></a>
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<h2 class='title'>Tunnel Videos</h2>
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<option selected="selected" value="MORE"/>ဗီဒီယိုၾကည့္ရန္ (Google)
<option value="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=7936824244334534647&hl=en"/>Microtunneling
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<option value="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-848819539419305345&hl=en"/>In metro(VideoClip)
<option value="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=-8048922472400492176&hl=en"/>NewSpeedRecord(TGV)
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<li><a href='http://www.tunnel-online.info/en/'>Tunnel Online</a></li>
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<marquee scrolldelay="200 " behavior="alternate"><span style="font-weight: bold;color:darkred;">Terminology for tunneling</span></marquee><hr width="170"/>
<span style="color:rgb(51, 51, 255);"><i><justify>
<justify><script language="JavaScript">
//store the quotations in arrays
quotes = new Array(54);
quotes[0] = "Axis :: The lengthwise course of a tunnel, especially along the center line.";
quotes[1] = "Bentonite :: Clay formed from volcanic ash which can absorb large amounts of water and expands to many times its normal volume. Used to retain the sides of excavations in wet, unstable soil. ";
quotes[2] = "Bore :: Construction method for tunnels which involves digging a tube-like passage through the earth. Usually refers to mountain tunneling.";
quotes[3] = "Caisson :: A pressurized, bell-shaped structure which allows construction fully under the water. Compare with cofferdam. ";
quotes[4] = "Cofferdam :: A waterproof wall, open at the top, enclosing a construction area below the water level. Compare with caisson. ";
quotes[5] = "Conduit :: Pipe or liner used as a passage for other pipes or wires.";
quotes[6] = "Course :: In tunnels, the path of a tunnel. In masonry, one horizontal row of blocks. ";
quotes[7] = "Consolidation :: Soil stabilization; see grouting.";
quotes[8] = "Cross section :: The shape of a tunnel; shapes include ovoid, horseshoe, round or square. ";
quotes[9] = "Cut and cover :: Construction method which involves excavating a large trench, building a roof structure, then covering it with earth. Commonly used for subways and relatively flat locations. ";
quotes[10] = "Dewater :: Removal of water during construction. ";
quotes[11] = "Diaphragm wall :: Watertight wall formed from cast-in-place reinforced concrete. Commonly uses slurry wall construction. ";
quotes[12] = "Drift :: A horizontal, underground passage. ";
quotes[13] = "Drill and blast :: Construction method in which pilot holes are drilled for explosive charges. The resulting debris is carried out and the process is repeated. ";
quotes[14] = "Embedded wall :: Retaining wall constructed using sections placed side-by-side or interlocking to form a continuous structure. Includes sheet pile, soldier pile, bored pile and diaphragm wall. ";
quotes[15] = "Excavation :: The process of digging or the hole which results. ";
quotes[16] = "Full face boring machine :: A tunneling machine which has cutting teeth at its front. It creates the tunnel opening while passing the waste material through the rear. Many types of tunnel boring cut small sections which are progressively enlarged. A full face boring machine cuts the complete cross section of the tunnel at once. See tunnel boring machine (TBM)";
quotes[17] = "Grade :: The elevation of the ground surface. Often used to describe the angle or slope of the surface.";
quotes[18] = "Gravity wall :: Retaining wall relying on significant mass, dimensions or modular sections. Little or no stability is gained from the natural resistance of the supported. soil. May be large stone blocks, pre-fab concrete modules, or reinforced construction with spread foundations. ";
quotes[19] = "Grouting :: Unstable rock and soil is strengthened by the injection of chemicals, cementitous grout, freezing or other methods. ";
quotes[20] = "Immersed caisson :: A pressurized, bell-shaped structure which allows construction fully under the water. ";
quotes[21] = "Immersed tube :: Construction method using pre-fabricated tunnel sections. While the ends are sealed, it is lowered into position under the water and attached to other sections. Also sunken tube. ";
quotes[22] = "In-situ :: Formed or created in its final position. ";
quotes[23] = "Initial support :: Applied or installed immediately to the interior surface after excavation to maintain the opening. Includes shotcrete, rock bolts and/or steel ribs. ";
quotes[24] = "Jacking :: Construction of small diameter passages by forcing pipe through the soil. Also Pipejacking. ";
quotes[25] = "Lagging :: Boards placed side-by-side to retain the face of an excavation. Held in place by soldier piles. ";
quotes[26] = "Line :: A description of the location and grade of a tunnel. ";
quotes[27] = "Lining :: Materials used to finish the inside surface of the tunnel. The inital supports and preliminary liner are placed as the tunnel is being excavated. These help stabilize the interior surface. Shotcrete may be sprayed on as a preliminary liner. Later, additional coatings may be applied or other types may be used such as prefabricated steel or concrete panels, rock bolting, steel ribs and wood lagging, or masonry. Waterproofing liners are also used. ";
quotes[28] = "Longitudinal :: Along the length of a structure. ";
quotes[29] = "Microtunneling :: Construction method for tunnels which are too small for humans to dig inside. May be performed using tethered, remote-controlled drilling machines or pipejacking. ";
quotes[30] = "Muck :: Debris removed during excavation. ";
quotes[31] = "NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) :: Construction method, also known as the shotcrete method. As the excavation progresses, a layer of concrete is immediately sprayed on the interior surface of the tunnel and rock bolts are driven in. This method attempts to maintain the original rock structure by avoiding settling, subsidence and deformation. Additional liners may be added or more layers of shotcrete may be applied. ";
quotes[32] = "Overburden :: The soil and rock supported by the roof of a tunnel. ";
quotes[33] = "Pipe roof method :: Construction method in which steel pipes are laid along the sides and roof of the tunnel course and the tunnel was then constructed inside. ";
quotes[34] = "Portal :: The open end of a tunnel. Usually includes a wall to retain the soil around the opening. May also include service and ventilation building. ";
quotes[35] = "Profile :: A side view of the tunnel. ";
quotes[36] = "Reinforced soil wall :: Retaining wall using various methods of attaching strips, mesh or other reinforcements to an excavated face. Soil nails may be driven in to attach the reinforcements and added further stability. ";
quotes[37] = "Rock bolts :: Steel bar with larger plates at its head. These are driven into the interior surface of the tunnel to stabilize and add strength to the rock. See soil nails. ";
quotes[38] = "Shaft :: A vertical, underground passage. ";
quotes[39] = "Sheet pile :: Pre-fabricated sections installed vertically side-by-side to form a retaining wall. ";
quotes[40] = "Shield :: A metal frame used to maintain the opening as the tunnel boring progresses. As forward progress is made, the liner is constructed behind the shield, and the the shield is jacked or moved forward. ";
quotes[41] = "Shotcrete :: Quick-setting concrete is sprayed onto the bare rock surface immediately after excavation. It forms preliminary tunnel liner. ";
quotes[42] = "Slurry Wall :: Construction method used in wet, unstable soil. As the trench is excavated, it is filled with bentonite slurry. This fluid mixture allows the excavation to continue while preventing the passage of groundwater or the collapse of the trench walls. The trench is later backfilled with other material, forms for poured concrete walls, or pre-fabricated wall sections. ";
quotes[43] = "Soil nail :: Steel rod driven into the ground to stabilize soil. Used as part of a retaining wall and may be attached to reinforcing strips, mesh or other buried anchors (deadman). Also call a tieback. ";
quotes[44] = "Soldier pile :: Steel H-shape beam driven vertically into the ground to provide supports for lagging. ";
quotes[45] = "Spile :: Rod driven into soft ground or unstable rock to provide stabilization. A grouted spile is one which is inserted into a pre-drilled hole, when is then back-filled with grout.";
quotes[46] = "Sunken tube :: Construction method using pre-fabricated tunnel sections. While the ends are sealed, it is lowered into position under the water and attached to other sections. Also immersed tube. ";
quotes[47] = "Tailings :: In mining, waste material remaining after the valuable minerals have been extracted. Stored in piles or used as fill. ";
quotes[48] = "Tunnel :: An underground passage for vehicles or pedestrians, especially one which is created by digging into earth. Occasionally, tunnel structures are built in an excavated area then covered over. ";
quotes[49] = "Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) :: A tunneling machine which has cutting teeth at its front. It creates the tunnel opening while passing the waste material through the rear. ";
quotes[50] = "Vault :: An enclosing structure formed by building a series of adjacent arches. A long passageway having a curved ceiling or roof.";
quotes[51] = "Ventilation :: Circulation of fresh area and exhaust gases. ";
quotes[52] = "Watertable :: The underground elevation below which the earth is saturated with groundwater. Groundwater includes rainwater which has seeped below the surface or is supplied by aquifers, water-saturated layer of rock. ";
//calculate a random index
index = Math.floor(Math.random() * quotes.length);
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document.write("\n");
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_WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_FeedView', new _WidgetInfo('Feed3', 'sidebar123', document.getElementById('Feed3'), {'title': 'Tunnelbuilder Updates', 'showItemDate': false, 'showItemAuthor': false, 'feedUrl': 'http://www.tunnelbuilder.com/tunnelbuilder.rss', 'numItemsShow': 5, 'loadingMsg': 'Loading...', 'openLinksInNewWindow': false, 'useFeedWidgetServ': 'true'}, 'displayModeFull'));
_WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_FeedView', new _WidgetInfo('Feed1', 'sidebar123', document.getElementById('Feed1'), {'title': 'Railway Technology', 'showItemDate': false, 'showItemAuthor': false, 'feedUrl': 'http://www.railway-technology.com/news-atom.xml', 'numItemsShow': 5, 'loadingMsg': 'Loading...', 'openLinksInNewWindow': false, 'useFeedWidgetServ': 'true'}, 'displayModeFull'));
</script>
</body>
</html>Measurement UID
0120200505f94dc081f4851baba91c0e039c88d7
Report ID
20200505T133417Z_AS136255_icD4CQHGmxeKYzc4K3GHjkLp20SRroBNHSaTSL83WJUP9qwKPr
Platform
android
Software Name
ooniprobe-android (2.3.2)
Measurement Engine
libmeasurement_kit (0.10.11)