August 15, 2020 at 3:02:25 AM UTC
VERIFY
Websites
Websites
Runtime: 5.9s
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On August 15, 2020 at 3:02:25 AM UTC, http://www.childrensdefense.org/ was accessible when tested on AS7922 in United States.

Failures

HTTP Experiment
null
DNS Experiment
null
Control
null

DNS Queries

Resolver:
96.114.123.3
Query:
IN A www.childrensdefense.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
Answer IP Info
@
IN
CNAME
childrensdefense.org
Unknown AS
@
IN
A
50.115.20.56
Unknown AS

TCP Connections

50.115.20.56:80: succeeded

HTTP Requests

URL
GET https://www.childrensdefense.org/
Response Headers
X-Powered-By:
PHP/7.0.33
Transfer-Encoding:
chunked
Expires:
Sat, 15 Aug 2020 04:02:50 GMT
Vary:
Accept-Encoding
Last-Modified:
Fri, 14 Aug 2020 17:16:14 GMT
Connection:
Keep-Alive
Cache-Control:
public, max-age=0
Date:
Sat, 15 Aug 2020 04:02:50 GMT
Alt-Svc:
quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="43,46", h3-Q043=":443"; ma=2592000, h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000, h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000, h3-25=":443"; ma=2592000, h3-27=":443"; ma=2592000
Content-Type:
text/html; charset=UTF-8
Response Body
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				ga('create', 'UA-1813130-1', 'auto');
				ga('send', 'pageview');</script> <title>Children&#039;s Defense Fund &mdash; Leave No Child Behind®</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/057c1972da57a37d408a22a3dd992cc5.css" data-minify="1" /><meta name="description" content="The Children&#039;s Defense Fund is a national child advocacy organization that works to uplift all children, especially poor children and children of color." /><meta name="robots" content="index, follow" /><meta name="googlebot" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1" /><meta name="bingbot" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home - Children&#039;s Defense Fund" /><meta property="og:description" content="The Children&#039;s Defense Fund is a national child advocacy organization that works to uplift all children, especially poor children and children of color." /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.childrensdefense.org/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Children&#039;s Defense Fund" /><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/ChildrensDefenseFund" /><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-08-11T16:24:35+00:00" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Home - Children&#039;s Defense Fund" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="The Children&#039;s Defense Fund is a national child advocacy organization that works to uplift all children, especially poor children and children of color." /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ChildDefender" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ChildDefender" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#organization","name":"Children's Defense Fund","url":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/ChildrensDefenseFund","https://www.instagram.com/childdefender1973/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/children's-defense-fund/","https://www.youtube.com/user/childrensdefense","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_Defense_Fund","https://twitter.com/ChildDefender"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/CDF-Logo-e1561413537109.png","width":325,"height":121,"caption":"Children's Defense Fund"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#website","url":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/","name":"Children&#039;s Defense Fund","description":"A strong, effective, independent voice for all the children of America","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#webpage","url":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/","name":"Children&#039;s Defense Fund &mdash; Leave No Child Behind\u00ae","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#website"},"about":{"@id":"https://www.childrensdefense.org/#organization"},"datePublished":"2018-04-23T23:12:42+00:00","dateModified":"2020-08-11T16:24:35+00:00","description":"The Children's Defense Fund is a national child advocacy organization that works to uplift all children, especially poor children and children of color.","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.childrensdefense.org/"]}]}]}</script> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Children&#039;s Defense Fund &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Children&#039;s Defense Fund &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/comments/feed/" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/CDF_newfavicon-copy-e1533134027528.png" type="image/x-icon" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.childrensdefense.org/"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Children&#039;s Defense Fund"/><meta property="og:description" content="Fighting for Racial Justice Take Action The Children&#039;s Defense Fund is fighting to make sure every child in America has what they need to thrive. Our 2020 Beat the Odds® Honorees Hear their inspiring stories in their own words. Watch Now"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/logo-header-desktop.svg"/><style type="text/css">img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline!important;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;height:1em!important;width:1em!important;margin:0 .07em!important;vertical-align:-0.1em!important;background:none!important;padding:0!important}</style><style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'></style><link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-ui-css-css' href='//code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.min.css?ver=1.0.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if IE]>
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Moved!*</a></div><div class="fusion-megamenu-widgets-container second-level-widget"><div id="media_image-11" class="widget widget_media_image"><img width="250" height="167" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20250%20167'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="image wp-image-8119 attachment-full size-full" alt="Happy girls" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meganav-freedom-school-kona-one-day-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meganav-freedom-school-kona-one-day.jpg 250w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meganav-freedom-school-kona-one-day.jpg" /><noscript><img width="250" height="167" src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meganav-freedom-school-kona-one-day.jpg" class="image wp-image-8119 attachment-full size-full" alt="Happy girls" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meganav-freedom-school-kona-one-day-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meganav-freedom-school-kona-one-day.jpg 250w" sizes="(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px" /></noscript></div></div></li><li class="menu-heading menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1177 fusion-megamenu-submenu fusion-megamenu-columns-4 col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-3" data-classes="menu-heading"><div class='fusion-megamenu-title'><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/connect/join-our-team/">Join Our Team</a></div><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1179" ><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/connect/join-our-team/jobs-at-cdf/" class="fusion-background-highlight"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-bullet"></span>Jobs at CDF</span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1178" ><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/connect/join-our-team/internships-at-cdf/" class="fusion-background-highlight"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-bullet"></span>Internships at CDF</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1176 fusion-megamenu-submenu fusion-megamenu-columns-4 col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-3" ><div class='fusion-megamenu-title'><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/connect/share-your-story/">Share Your Story</a></div><ul role="menu" class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7915" ><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/connect/share-your-story/make-policy-personal/" class="fusion-background-highlight"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-bullet"></span>Make Policy Personal</span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7916" ><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/connect/share-your-story/your-experience-with-cdf/" class="fusion-background-highlight"><span><span class="fusion-megamenu-bullet"></span>Your Experience with CDF</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1186 fusion-megamenu-submenu fusion-megamenu-submenu-notitle fusion-megamenu-columns-4 col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-3" ><div class="fusion-megamenu-widgets-container second-level-widget"><div id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="fusion-megamenu-title" style="text-align: left; padding-left: 0 !important;">Donor Hotline</div><p> For assistance, email <a href="mailto:donations@childrensdefense.org">donations@childrensdefense.org</a> or call 480-991-1619.</p></div></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div></div></li></ul></div><nav class="fusion-mobile-nav-holder fusion-mobile-menu-text-align-left" aria-label="Main Menu Mobile"></nav></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></header><div id="sliders-container"></div><main id="main" role="main" class="clearfix width-100" style="padding-left:50px;padding-right:50px"><div class="fusion-row" style="max-width:100%;"><section id="content" class="full-width"><div id="post-5" class="post-5 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <span class="entry-title rich-snippet-hidden">Home</span><span class="vcard rich-snippet-hidden"><span class="fn"><a href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/author/bdawson/" title="Posts by Ben Dawson" rel="author">Ben Dawson</a></span></span><span class="updated rich-snippet-hidden">2020-08-11T11:24:35-05:00</span><div class="post-content"><style type="text/css">body 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fullwidth-box nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns" style='background-color: #15a3bc;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:60px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:60px;margin-bottom: 50px;margin-top: 5px;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-15 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first reverse-text 1_2" style='margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right:4%;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-column-content-centered"><div class="fusion-column-content"><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-two" style="font-size:37px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;"><h2 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;font-size:1em;">Fighting for Racial Justice</h2></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-button-wrapper"><style type="text/css" scoped="scoped">.fusion-button.button-1 .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-1 i{color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-1{border-width:0;border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-1 .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-1:hover .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-1:hover i,.fusion-button.button-1:focus .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-1:focus i,.fusion-button.button-1:active .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-1:active{color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-1:hover,.fusion-button.button-1:focus,.fusion-button.button-1:active{border-width:0;border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-1:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-1:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-1:active .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-1{background:#a0ce4e}.fusion-button.button-1:hover,.button-1:focus,.fusion-button.button-1:active{background:#96c346}.fusion-button.button-1{width:auto}</style><a class="fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-pill button-large button-custom button-1 cdf-purple-button" target="_self" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/advance-racial-justice/"><span class="fusion-button-text">Take Action</span></a></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: 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fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-16 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 30px 0px 30px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-one" style="font-size:24px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;"><h1 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;font-size:1em;"><p style="text-align: center;">The Children&#8217;s Defense Fund is fighting to make<br /> sure every child in America has what they need to thrive.</p></h1></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box reverse-text nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:60px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:60px;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_2_3 fusion-builder-column-17 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first fusion-blend-mode 2_3" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:66.66%;width:calc(66.66% - ( ( 20px ) * 0.6666 ) );margin-right: 20px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="background-color:#673b90;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""> <span class="fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201200%20630'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="1200" height="630" alt="Meet the 2020 BTO Honorees" title="Meet the 2020 BTO Honorees" class="img-responsive wp-image-23188" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-200x105.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-400x210.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-600x315.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-800x420.png 800w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202.png 1200w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1200px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202.png" width="1200" height="630" alt="Meet the 2020 BTO Honorees" title="Meet the 2020 BTO Honorees" class="img-responsive wp-image-23188" srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-200x105.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-400x210.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-600x315.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202-800x420.png 800w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Meet-the-Honorees11202.png 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1200px" /></noscript></span><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last reverse-text 1_1" style='margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 30px 30px 30px 30px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-three" style="font-size:27px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;"><h3 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;font-size:1em;">Our 2020 Beat the Odds® Honorees</h3></div><div class="fusion-text"><p>Hear their inspiring stories in their own words.</p></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-button-wrapper"><style type="text/css" scoped="scoped">.fusion-button.button-2 .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-2 i{color:#673b90}.fusion-button.button-2{border-width:0;border-color:#673b90}.fusion-button.button-2 .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#673b90}.fusion-button.button-2:hover .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-2:hover i,.fusion-button.button-2:focus .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-2:focus i,.fusion-button.button-2:active .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-2:active{color:#673b90}.fusion-button.button-2:hover,.fusion-button.button-2:focus,.fusion-button.button-2:active{border-width:0;border-color:#673b90}.fusion-button.button-2:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-2:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-2:active .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#673b90}.fusion-button.button-2{background:#a0ce4e}.fusion-button.button-2:hover,.button-2:focus,.fusion-button.button-2:active{background:#96c346}.fusion-button.button-2{width:auto}</style><a class="fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-pill button-medium button-custom button-2 cdf-white-button" target="_self" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/programs/beat-the-odds/bto-dc/2020-honorees/"><span class="fusion-button-text">Watch Now</span></a></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_3 fusion-builder-column-18 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last fusion-blend-mode 1_3" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:33.33%;width:calc(33.33% - ( ( 20px ) * 0.3333 ) );'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="background-color:#19c2e0;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last reverse-text 1_1" style='margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 30px 30px 30px 30px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-three" style="font-size:27px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;"><h3 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;font-size:1em;">Justice for Families Impacted by COVID-19</h3></div><div class="fusion-text"><p>Children and families need relief now.</p></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-button-wrapper"><style 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.fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#19c2e0}.fusion-button.button-3{background:#a0ce4e}.fusion-button.button-3:hover,.button-3:focus,.fusion-button.button-3:active{background:#96c346}.fusion-button.button-3{width:auto}</style><a class="fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-pill button-medium button-custom button-3 cdf-white-button" target="_self" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/covid-action"><span class="fusion-button-text">Take Action</span></a></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div></div><span class="fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20675%20744'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="675" height="744" alt="Children Need Life-Saving Support" title="Children Need Life-Saving Support" class="img-responsive wp-image-23088" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Children-Need-Life-Saving-Support-200x220.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Children-Need-Life-Saving-Support-400x441.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Children-Need-Life-Saving-Support-600x661.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Children-Need-Life-Saving-Support.png 675w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 675px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Children-Need-Life-Saving-Support.png" /><noscript><img 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top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box reverse-text nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:60px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:60px;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_3 fusion-builder-column-19 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first fusion-blend-mode 1_3" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:33.33%;width:calc(33.33% - ( ( 20px ) * 0.3333 ) );margin-right: 20px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="background-color:#f95951;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last reverse-text 1_1" style='margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 30px 30px 30px 30px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-three" style="font-size:27px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;"><h3 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;font-size:1em;">COVID-19 Resources for Families</h3></div><div class="fusion-text"><p>Find the tools and information you need to keep your family safe and secure.</p></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-button-wrapper"><style type="text/css" scoped="scoped">.fusion-button.button-4 .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-4 i{color:#f95951}.fusion-button.button-4{border-width:0;border-color:#f95951}.fusion-button.button-4 .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#f95951}.fusion-button.button-4:hover .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-4:hover i,.fusion-button.button-4:focus .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-4:focus i,.fusion-button.button-4:active .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-4:active{color:#f95951}.fusion-button.button-4:hover,.fusion-button.button-4:focus,.fusion-button.button-4:active{border-width:0;border-color:#f95951}.fusion-button.button-4:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-4:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-4:active .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#f95951}.fusion-button.button-4{background:#a0ce4e}.fusion-button.button-4:hover,.button-4:focus,.fusion-button.button-4:active{background:#96c346}.fusion-button.button-4{width:auto}</style><a class="fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-pill button-medium button-custom button-4 cdf-white-button" target="_self" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/useful-resource-covid-19/"><span class="fusion-button-text">Get Resources</span></a></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep sep-none" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:;margin-bottom:20px;"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div></div><span class="fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20675%20744'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="675" height="744" alt="COVID-19 Resources for Families" title="COVID-19 Resources for Families" class="img-responsive wp-image-23089" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families-200x220.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families-400x441.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families-600x661.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families.png 675w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 675px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families.png" width="675" height="744" alt="COVID-19 Resources for Families" title="COVID-19 Resources for Families" class="img-responsive wp-image-23089" srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families-200x220.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families-400x441.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families-600x661.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-Resources-for-Families.png 675w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 675px" /></noscript></span><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_2_3 fusion-builder-column-20 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last fusion-blend-mode 2_3" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:66.66%;width:calc(66.66% - ( ( 20px ) * 0.6666 ) );'><div 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fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first 1_2" style='margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right:4%;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-column-content-centered"><div class="fusion-column-content"><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-8 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-two" style="font-size:27px;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;"><h2 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;font-size:1em;">The fight for children happens 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.</h2></div><div class="fusion-text"><p>Make a monthly gift today to ensure the needs of children remain front and center. 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col-md-6 col-sm-6 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-first-in-row"><div class="col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-link-icon icon-hover-animation-fade" style="background-color:transparent;" data-animationOffset="100%"><div class="heading heading-with-icon icon-left"><div class="image"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20190%20190'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="190" height="190" alt="" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/our-work.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/our-work.png" width="190" height="190" alt="" /></noscript></div><h2 class="content-box-heading" style="font-size:27px;line-height:32px;">Our Work</h2></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="content-container" style="color:#747474;"><p>We fight to make sure every child in America has everything they need to thrive. Fixing America’s systemic inequities begins with our children, so we focus especially on poor children, children of color and those with disabilities.</p><div class="fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter"><style type="text/css" scoped="scoped">.fusion-button.button-7 .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-7 i{color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-7{border-width:0;border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-7 .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-7:hover .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-7:hover i,.fusion-button.button-7:focus .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-7:focus i,.fusion-button.button-7:active .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-7:active{color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-7:hover,.fusion-button.button-7:focus,.fusion-button.button-7:active{border-width:0;border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-7:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-7:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-7:active .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-7{background:#a0ce4e}.fusion-button.button-7:hover,.button-7:focus,.fusion-button.button-7:active{background:#96c346}.fusion-button.button-7{width:auto}</style><a class="fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-pill button-medium button-custom button-7 cdf-red-button" target="_self" href="https://www.childrensdefense.org/policy/policy-priorities/"><span class="fusion-button-text">Learn more</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-2 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-last"><div class="col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-link-icon icon-hover-animation-fade" style="background-color:transparent;" data-animationOffset="100%"><div class="heading heading-with-icon icon-left"><div class="image"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20190%20190'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="190" height="190" alt="" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/a-good-investment.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/a-good-investment.png" width="190" height="190" alt="" /></noscript></div><h2 class="content-box-heading" style="font-size:27px;line-height:32px;">A Good Investment</h2></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="content-container" style="color:#747474;"><p>Your gift is put to immediate use to help all children, especially our most vulnerable. 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.link-area-box.link-area-box-hover .fusion-content-box-button .fusion-button-text{color:#fff}.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-link-icon-hover .heading .icon>span{background-color:#a0ce4e!important}.fusion-content-boxes-2 .fusion-content-box-hover .link-area-box-hover .heading .icon>span{border-color:#a0ce4e!important}</style><div class="fusion-column content-box-column content-box-column content-box-column-1 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 fusion-content-box-hover content-box-column-first-in-row"><div class="col content-box-wrapper content-wrapper link-area-link-icon icon-hover-animation-fade" style="background-color:transparent;" data-animationOffset="100%"><div class="heading heading-with-icon icon-left"><div class="image"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20190%20190'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="190" height="190" alt="" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/freedom-schools.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/freedom-schools.png" width="190" height="190" alt="" /></noscript></div><h2 class="content-box-heading" style="font-size:27px;line-height:32px;">CDF Freedom Schools®</h2></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="content-container" style="color:#747474;"><p>More than 150,000 children have experienced our transformative literacy and cultural enrichment program. Join the CDF Freedom Schools® movement.</p><div class="fusion-button-wrapper fusion-aligncenter"><style type="text/css" scoped="scoped">.fusion-button.button-9 .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-9 i{color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-9{border-width:0;border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-9 .fusion-button-icon-divider{border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-9:hover .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-9:hover i,.fusion-button.button-9:focus .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-9:focus i,.fusion-button.button-9:active .fusion-button-text,.fusion-button.button-9:active{color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-9:hover,.fusion-button.button-9:focus,.fusion-button.button-9:active{border-width:0;border-color:#fff}.fusion-button.button-9:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-9:hover .fusion-button-icon-divider,.fusion-button.button-9:active 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Rank\. 2018\. “Estimating the Economic Cost of Childhood Poverty in the United States,”<br/>p\. 73\. \<em\>Social Work Research\<\/em\> 42\(2\)\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips1',tt_store_content,'15790','Child poverty costs the United States at least \$687 billion dollars every year in lost productivity and extra health and criminal justice costs\. Every dollar invested in alleviating child poverty saves our economy at least \$7, meaning this package would reduce the annual economic cost of child poverty by more than half',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "The aggregate drop in the total number of poor children relative to the baseline is 5\.5 million\. A total of 5\.6 million children become non\-poor, and 92,000 children move from being non\-poor to poor because of the job loss modeled as part of the minimum wage increase\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips2',tt_store_content,'15716','According to the Urban Institute’s analysis, this policy package would reduce child poverty as measured by the Supplemental Poverty Measure \(SPM\) at least 57\.1 percent, lifting 5\.5 million children out of poverty based on 2015 data and increasing the economic resources of an additional 3\.6 million poor children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Although the minimum wage currently stands at \$7\.25 nationally, 29 states and the District of Columbia have higher minimums, with the highest being \$13\.25 per hour in the District of Columbia, according to the Department of Labor\. U\.S Department of Labor\. 2019\. “Minimum Wage Laws in the States\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.dol\.gov\/whd\/minwage\/america\.htm'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.dol\.gov\/whd\/minwage\/america\.htm\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips3',tt_store_content,'15744','To ensure working families earn enough to support their children, we propose increasing the federal hourly minimum wage from \$7\.25 to \$15\.00 for workers covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act \(FLSA\) and raising the wage to 70 percent of that \(\$10\.50\) for tipped workers by 2024',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Watson, Nicole Elsasser, Barry L\. Steffen, Marge Martin, and David A\. Vandenbroucke\. 2017\. “Worst Case Housing Needs, 2017 Report to Congress,” Exhibit ES\-1; ix–x\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.huduser\.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Worst\-Case\-Housing\-Needs\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.huduser\.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Worst\-Case\-Housing\-Needs\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips4',tt_store_content,'15783','The number of families with worst\-case housing needs—low\-income families with high rent burdens or severely inadequate housing who do not receive housing assistance—increased from 7\.7 million in 2013 to 8\.3 million in 2015, including 2\.9 million families with children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. 2015\. “Official USDA Food Plans\: Cost of Food at Home at Four Levels, U\.S\. Average, June 2015\.” Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\.<br/>\<a href\='https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/CostofFoodJun2015\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/CostofFoodJun2015\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips5',tt_store_content,'15779','To increase SNAP’s anti\-poverty and anti\-hunger impact for households with children, CDF proposes calculating SNAP benefits based on the U\.S\. Department of Agriculture’s Low\-Cost Food Plan to increase benefits about 31 percent over current Thrifty Food Plan benefits',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Collins, Chuck and Josh Hoxie\. 2018\. “Billionaire Bonanza\: Inherited Wealth Dynasties of the United States,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: Institute for Policy Studies\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Billionaire\-Bonanza\-2018\-Report\-October\-2018\.pdf' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Billionaire\-Bonanza\-2018\-Report\-October\-2018\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips6',tt_store_content,'15833','Taxing the accumulated wealth of the richest 0\.1 percent of Americans at a rate of one percent a year would increase federal revenues by about \<strong\>\$190 billion\</strong\> a year, almost four times the cost to lift 5\.5 million children out of poverty right now',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "National Working Group on Foster Care and Education\. 2018\. “Fostering Success in Education\: National Factsheet on the Educational Outcomes of Children in Foster Care,” p\. 7; p\. 19\-21\. Washington, DC\: Legal Center for Foster Care and Education, ABA Center on Children and the Law\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/fostercareandeducation\.org\/DesktopModules\/Bring2mind\/DMX\/Download\.aspx\?portalid\=0&amp;EntryId\=2100&amp;Command\=Core_Download'\>http\:\/\/fostercareandeducation\.org\/DesktopModules\/Bring2mind\/DMX\/Download\.aspx\?portalid\=0&amp;EntryId\=2100&amp;Command\=Core_Download\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips7',tt_store_content,'20410','Students in foster care are more likely to be suspended or expelled, score lower on standardized tests in reading and math, be involved in special education, have higher rates of grade retention and drop out and less likely to attend and graduate from college\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "The minimum wage would lead to job losses\. For more on how job losses were modeled, see Appendix 2\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips8',tt_store_content,'15722','A total of 1\.8 million people in families with children would gain jobs from the transitional jobs program and improvements to the Earned Income Tax Credit, child care subsidies, minimum wage and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit proposals',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Duncan, Greg, Ariel Kalil, Kathleen Ziol\-Guest\. 2008\. “Economic Costs of Early Childhood Poverty\: Raising Young Children Out of Poverty Can Substantially Improve Their Odds of Economic and Life Success, Issue #4,” p\.2–3\. Washington, DC\: Partnership for America’s Economic Success\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips9',tt_store_content,'15709','Another study found eliminating child poverty between the prenatal years and age 5 would increase lifetime earnings between \$53,000 and \$100,000 per child—a total lifetime benefit of \$20 to \$36 billion for all babies born in a given year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "“Coverage of Children who Died in the St\. Louis Area in 2019\.” \<em\>St\. Louis Post Dispatch\<\/em\>, December 30\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.stltoday\.com\/news\/local\/crime\-and\-courts\/coverage\-of\-children\-who\-died\-in\-the\-st\-louis\-area\/collection_e4c6a022\-f048\-59df\-9a40\-cd54c0173f34\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.stltoday\.com\/news\/local\/crime\-and\-courts\/coverage\-of\-children\-who\-died\-in\-the\-st\-louis\-area\/collection_e4c6a022\-f048\-59df\-9a40\-cd54c0173f34\.html\<\/a\>; World Health Organization\. 2019\. 'WHO Mortality Database, Cause of Death Query Online \(CoDQL\)\.' Accessed August 13, 2019\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/apps\.who\.int\/healthinfo\/statistics\/mortality\/causeofdeath_query\/'\>http\:\/\/apps\.who\.int\/healthinfo\/statistics\/mortality\/causeofdeath_query\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips10',tt_store_content,'20567','Eddie was just one of 18 children killed with guns in his hometown of St\. Louis last summer alone—more children than were killed in an entire year in 29 countries within the Organisation for Economic Co\-operation and Development \(OECD\)',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Aurand, Andrew, Dan Emmanual, Diane Yentel, Ellen Errico, and Marjorie Pang\. 2017\. “Out of Reach 2017,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: National Low Income Housing Coalition\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/nlihc\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/oor\/OOR_2017\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/nlihc\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/oor\/OOR_2017\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips11',tt_store_content,'15781','In 2017, a full\-time, year\-round minimum wage worker could not afford the monthly Fair Market Rent for a two\-bedroom rental unit in any state or the District of Columbia and have enough money for food, utilities and other necessities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Heffernan, Christine, Benjamin Goehring, Ian Hecker, Linda Giannarelli, and Sarah Minton\. 2018\. “Welfare Rules Databook\: State TANF Policies as of July 2017,” Table IV\.A\.2\. Washington, DC\: Administration for Children and Families, U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opre\/2017_welfare_rules_databook_final_10_31_18_508_2\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opre\/2017_welfare_rules_databook_final_10_31_18_508_2\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips12',tt_store_content,'15793','Although states have the option to “pass through” child support payments to the custodial parent and child so the family may keep both its TANF and some child support, only about half of all states did so in 2017 \(see Appendix 1\)',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Crandall\-Hollick, Margot L\. 2018\. “Child and Dependent Care Tax Benefits\: How They Work and Who Receives Them,” Table 4; p\. 10\. Washington, DC\: Congressional Research Service\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/fas\.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R44993\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/fas\.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R44993\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips13',tt_store_content,'15769','The Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit \(CDCTC\) helps parents work by reimbursing families for a portion of their child or dependent care expenses\. In 2017, 6\.3 million taxpayers received a total of \$3\.4 billion through the CDCTC',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<p style\='text\-align\: left;'\>Ryon, Sean\. 2018\. “This Program Helps Homeless Students Stay in School\.” \<em\>Nation Swell\<\/em\>, August 22\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/nationswell\.com\/nyc\-homeless\-teens\-education'\>\<u\>http\:\/\/nationswell\.com\/nyc\-homeless\-teens\-education\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\<\/p\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips14',tt_store_content,'15787','Harris founded S\.I\.M\.B\.A, as well as its companion program All Sisters Evolving Together \(A\.S\.E\.T\) to respond to the unique needs of homeless students navigating the harsh reality of living in shelters on top of living in poverty',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "HHS\/ASPE holds the copyright to the CPS version of the model, which is used for this analysis, but allows the model to be used for other projects\. TRIM3 requires users to input assumptions and\/or interpretations about economic behavior and the rules governing federal programs\. Therefore, the quantitative estimates are attributable only to the authors of the Urban Institute analysis, and interpretations of those estimates are attributable only to the authors of this report\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips15',tt_store_content,'15724','The model is developed and maintained by staff at the Urban Institute with funding primarily from the U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Office of Child Care\. 2017\. “Priorities Report FY2017\.” Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/occ\/resource\/priorities\-report\-fy2017'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/occ\/resource\/priorities\-report\-fy2017\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\. The concept “federally eligible children” refers to children in families with parents or guardians who are working or in school or training, with family income up to 85 percent of state median income; actual state income limits for CCDF subsidies may be lower\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips16',tt_store_content,'15765','While the federal government and states provide child care subsidies to some families with children under 13 through the Child Care and Development Block Grant \(CCDBG\) and related government funding streams,',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "In total, the cost of benefit programs is expected to rise by \$92\.7 billion, while federal and state tax revenues are projected to rise by \$40\.4 billion\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips17',tt_store_content,'15786','The package would increase assistance through housing vouchers, SNAP and more, but it would offset much of this cost through increased tax revenues attributable to increased employment and higher earnings',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cox, Daniel and Robert P\. Jones\. 2017\. “Attitudes on Child and Family Wellbeing\: National and Southeast\/Southwest Perspective,” p\. 37; p\. 43\. Washington, DC\: Public Religion Research Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.prri\.org\/research\/poll\-child\-welfare\-poverty\-race\-relations\-government\-trust\-policy\/'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.prri\.org\/research\/poll\-child\-welfare\-poverty\-race\-relations\-government\-trust\-policy\/\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips18',tt_store_content,'15710','A 2017 survey from the Public Religion Research Institute found that a majority of Americans see child poverty as a top concern and nearly 90 percent of people support tax breaks for low\-income parents',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Data Resource Center for Child &amp; Adolescent Health\. 2017\. “2017 National Survey of Children’s Health,” Indicator 6\.13\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childhealthdata\.org\/browse\/survey\/results\?q\=6760&amp;r\=1&amp;g\=692'\>https\:\/\/www\.childhealthdata\.org\/browse\/survey\/results\?q\=6760&amp;r\=1&amp;g\=692\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips19',tt_store_content,'15696','Nearly 1 in 3 poor children had suffered two or more adverse childhood experiences as of 2017 compared with 1 in 12 children in families with income at or above 400 percent of the federal poverty line',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Congressional Budget Office\. 2018\. “Options for Reducing the Deficit\: 2019 to 2028,” p\. 298\. Washington, DC\: Congressional Budget Office\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbo\.gov\/system\/files\?file\=2018\-12\/54667\-budgetoptions\.pdf\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbo\.gov\/system\/files\?file\=2018\-12\/54667\-budgetoptions\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips20',tt_store_content,'15917','Taxing financial transactions like buying stocks and bonds at 0\.1 percent of the value of the asset purchased would increase revenues by an average of \<strong\>\$78 billion\</strong\> a year over a decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Davison, Laura\. 2018\. “Trump’s Tax Promise of Trillions Back to U\.S\. Fails to Materialize\.” \<em\>Bloomberg\<\/em\>, December 6\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.bloomberg\.com\/news\/articles\/2018\-12\-06\/trump\-tax\-promise\-of\-trillions\-back\-to\-u\-s\-fails\-to\-materialize' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.bloomberg\.com\/news\/articles\/2018\-12\-06\/trump\-tax\-promise\-of\-trillions\-back\-to\-u\-s\-fails\-to\-materialize\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips21',tt_store_content,'15838','While the 2017 tax bill modified the law governing overseas profits to nominally incentivize moving money back into the United States, companies are mostly choosing not to repatriate their earnings',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Shonkoff, Jack et al\. 2012\. “The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress\.” \<em\>Pediatrics\<\/em\> Vol\. 129, no\. 1, pp\. e232–e246\. For more on the link between child poverty and child well\-being, see generally Duncan, Greg and Jeanne Brooks\-Gunn\. 1997\. \<em\>Consequences of Growing up Poor\<\/em\>\. New York\: Russell\-Sage; Brooks\-Gunn, Jeanne and Greg Duncan\. 1997\. “The Effects of Poverty on Children\.” \<em\>The Future of Children\<\/em\> 7\(2\); and Duncan, Greg, W\. Jean Yeung, Jeanne Brooks\-Gunn, and Judith Smith\. 1998\. “How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children\?” \<em\>American Sociological Review\<\/em\> 63\(3\)\: 406–23\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips22',tt_store_content,'15681','Research shows toxic stress associated with child poverty increases the likelihood of low educational achievement, unstable employment, adult poverty and involvement in the criminal justice system',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\., p\. 26\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips23',tt_store_content,'15920','Closing the “trust fund loophole” that forgives capital gains taxes on inherited investments would raise about \<strong\>\$40 billion\</strong\> a year, almost all from the wealthiest 1 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Molyneux, Guy and Jessica Wintfeld\. 2016\. “Findings from a National Survey on Children’s Programs,” p\. 3\. Washington, DC\: Hart Research Associates\. \<u\>\<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.childrensleadershipcouncil\.org\/storage\/documents\/childrens%2520leadership%2520council%25202016%2520polling%2520memo\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.childrensleadershipcouncil\.org\/storage\/documents\/childrens%20leadership%20council%202016%20polling%20memo\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips24',tt_store_content,'15711','Further, a 2016 poll from the Children’s Leadership Council found that 71 percent of voters said they were more likely to support a candidate who placed a priority on fighting child poverty',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Pavetti, LaDonna\. 2014\. “Subsidized Jobs\: Providing Paid Employment Opportunities When the Labor Market Fails,” pp\. 3\-6\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/4\-2\-14fe\-pavetti\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/4\-2\-14fe\-pavetti\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips25',tt_store_content,'15733','Transitional jobs—deployed effectively during the 2008\-2009 Great Recession—benefitted long\-term unemployed individuals most and increased employment and income after participation ended',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2018\. “Current Population Survey \- POV\-13,” poverty data for 2017, below 100 percent of poverty for all races\. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/time\-series\/demo\/income\-poverty\/cps\-pov\.html'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/time\-series\/demo\/income\-poverty\/cps\-pov\.html\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips26',tt_store_content,'15738','More than two\-thirds \(70\.1 percent\) of poor children in related families live with an adult who works and more than a third \(34\.0 percent\) live with an adult who works full\-time year\-round',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Congress, Senate Democrats\. 2018\. “Senate Democrats’ Jobs<br/>&amp; Infrastructure Plan for America’s Workers,” p\. 4\. 115th Cong\.,<br/>2nd sess\., 2018\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips27',tt_store_content,'15827','Reinstating the pre\-tax bill Alternative Minimum Tax rules alone would nearly pay for the entire package, saving about \<strong\>\$43 billion\</strong\> annually on average for the next decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. 2018\. “Policy Basics\:<br/>The Earned Income Tax Credit,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/policybasics\-eitc\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/policybasics\-eitc\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips28',tt_store_content,'15751','The Earned Income Tax Credit \(EITC\) is one of our nation’s most effective tools for reducing child poverty in working families, keeping about 3 million children out of poverty in 2016',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Monnat, Shannon M\., Raeven Faye Chandler\. 2015\. “Long Term Physical Health Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences\.” Bethesda, MD\: National Center for Biotechnology Information\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4617302\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4617302\/\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips29',tt_store_content,'15698','The more adverse childhood experiences a child suffers, the greater their likelihood of health problems in adulthood including heart disease, diabetes, substance abuse and depression',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "For children ages 0 to 5, the credit would phase in at a rate of 50 cents per dollar earned\. For children over age 5, the credit would phase in at the current rate of 15 cents per dollar earned\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips30',tt_store_content,'15761','Recognizing the special vulnerability of the youngest children, the credit’s value would be phased in at a rate of 50 cents on the dollar rather than 15 cents for children under 5',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Watson, Nicole Elsasser, Barry L\. Steffen, Marge Martin, and David A\. Vandenbroucke\. 2017\. “Worst Case Housing Needs, 2017 Report to Congress,” p\. 6\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development\. Department of Housing and Urban Development\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.huduser\.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Worst\-Case\-Housing\-Needs\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.huduser\.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Worst\-Case\-Housing\-Needs\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips31',tt_store_content,'15691','Nearly 3 million households with children faced unsustainably high rents or lived in severely rundown housing in 2015, placing them at risk of homelessness or housing instability',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "As mentioned in Chapter 3, this combined simulation contains eight policy proposals with the Child Tax Credit excluded due to modeling concerns\. As mentioned in Appendix 2, CDF’s CTC proposal is estimated to save as much as \$5 billion compared to the CTC established by the 2017 tax bill\.<br/>&nbsp;"; toolTips('.classtoolTips32',tt_store_content,'15777','According to CDF’s commissioned study from the Urban Institute, these combined policy improvements would have increased government expenditures \$52\.3 billion if enacted in 2015',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sandel, Megan, Richard Sheward, Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba et al\. 2018\. “Unstable Housing and Caregiver and Child Health in Renter Families\.” Pediatrics 141\(2\)\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/childrenshealthwatch\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/Unstable\-Housing\-and\-Caregiver\-and\-Child\-Health\-in\-Renter\-Families\.pdf\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>http\:\/\/childrenshealthwatch\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/Unstable\-Housing\-and\-Caregiver\-and\-Child\-Health\-in\-Renter\-Families\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips33',tt_store_content,'15850','The network’s peer\-reviewed studies have examined how the experience of poverty harms children’s health\. Take, for example, its January 2018 report on housing instability',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Dutta\-Gupta, Indivar, Kali Grant, Julie Kerksick, Dan Bloom, and Ajay Chaudry\. 2018\. “Working to Reduce Poverty\: A National Subsidized Employment Proposal,” p\.65\. \<em\>The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences\<\/em\> 4\(3\) 64\-83\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.rsfjournal\.org\/content\/rsfjss\/4\/3\/64\.full\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.rsfjournal\.org\/content\/rsfjss\/4\/3\/64\.full\.pd\<\/a\>f\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips34',tt_store_content,'15727','For most of the past 15 years, the number of unemployed job seekers has exceeded the number of job vacancies by more than two million, regardless of the state of the economy',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Education\. 2019\. “2017 Mathematics and Reading Assessments Report Card\: Summary Data Tables with Additional Detail for Average Scores and Achievement Levels for States and Jurisdictions\.” Lower\-income students are students who qualify for free and reduced\-price school lunch, which means their families’ incomes are at or below 185 percent of the Federal Poverty Level \(FPL\)\. Higher\-income students are students who do not qualify, or whose families’ incomes are higher than 185 percent of the FPL\. “Below grade level” means below proficient\. For data related to math proficiency, see the Math Report Card at pages 9 and 20\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nationsreportcard\.gov\/math_2017\/files\/2017_Results_Appendix_Math_State\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.nationsreportcard\.gov\/math_2017\/files\/2017_Results_Appendix_Math_State\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\. For data related to reading proficiency, see the Reading Report Card at pages 9 and 20\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nationsreportcard\.gov\/reading_2017\/files\/2017_Results_Appendix_Reading_State\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.nationsreportcard\.gov\/reading_2017\/files\/2017_Results_Appendix_Reading_State\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips35',tt_store_content,'15701','Lower\-income fourth and eighth grade public school students were almost twice as likely to perform below grade level in reading and math as their higher\-income peers in 2017',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Wagmiller Jr\., Robert L\. and Robert M\. Adelman\. 2009\. “Children and Intergenerational Poverty\: The Long\-Term Consequences of Growing Up Poor,” Table 1\. New York, NY\: National Center for Children in Poverty\. \<u\>\<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.nccp\.org\/publications\/pdf\/text_909\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.nccp\.org\/publications\/pdf\/text_909\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips36',tt_store_content,'15704','Research shows people who experienced poverty at any point during childhood are more than three times as likely to be poor at age 30 as those who were never poor as children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sawhill, Isabel and Quentin Karpilow\. 2014\. “Raising the Minimum Wage and Redesigning the EITC\.” Center on Children and Families at the Brookings Institute\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/30\-Raising\-Minimum\-Wage\-Redesigning\-EITC\-sawhill\.pdf'\> https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/30\-Raising\-Minimum\-Wage\-Redesigning\-EITC\-sawhill\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips37',tt_store_content,'15800','The anti\-poverty effects of this package are increased by pairing an increase in the minimum wage with an improved EITC, two policies that amplify and complement each other',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sen\. Democrats, “Jobs and Infrastructure Plan,” p\. 5\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips38',tt_store_content,'15922','Closing the carried interest loophole would prevent wealthy investment managers from claiming earnings as capital gains and save about \<strong\>\$1\.2 billion\</strong\> a year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Child Trends, DataBank\. 2018\. “Food Insecurity,” Appendix 1\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/indicators\/food\-insecurity'\>https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/indicators\/food\-insecurity\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips39',tt_store_content,'20477','The percent of Black \(25\.6 percent\) and Hispanic households with food\-insecure children \(24\.3 percent\) was nearly two times that of white households \(13\.2 percent\) in 2016',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ratcliffe and Kalish, “Escaping Poverty,” p\. 4\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips40',tt_store_content,'15703','Only 62 percent of children who spent half their childhoods in poverty completed high school by age 20, compared with 90 percent of children who never experienced poverty',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips41',tt_store_content,'15734','These programs alleviate short\-term hardship for families by providing immediate work\-based income support and help disconnected youth find work and gain other employment',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Feeding America\. 2018\. “Child Food Insecurity\.” Chicago\: Feeding America\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.feedingamerica\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/map\-the\-meal\-gap\/2016\/2016\-map\-the\-meal\-gap\-child\-food\-insecurity\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.feedingamerica\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/map\-the\-meal\-gap\/2016\/2016\-map\-the\-meal\-gap\-child\-food\-insecurity\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips42',tt_store_content,'15683','Food insecurity is associated with lower reading and math scores, greater physical and mental health problems and higher incidence of emotional and behavioral problems\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ratcliffe and Kalish, “Escaping Poverty,” p\. 5\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips43',tt_store_content,'15706','A 2017 Urban Institute report found only 20 percent of children who spent half their childhoods in poverty were consistently working or in school during their twenties',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sammartino, Frank, Philip Stallworth and David Weiner\. 2018\. “The Effect of the TCJA Individual Income Tax Provisions Across Income Groups and Across the States,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: Tax Policy Center\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.taxpolicycenter\.org\/publications\/effect\-tcja\-individual\-income\-tax\-provisions\-across\-income\-groups\-and\-across\-states\/full' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.taxpolicycenter\.org\/publications\/effect\-tcja\-individual\-income\-tax\-provisions\-across\-income\-groups\-and\-across\-states\/full\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips44',tt_store_content,'15813','In 2018, the top 1 percent of households were projected to receive average tax cuts of about \$33,000 while families below the poverty line were to get, on average, \$40',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Vogtman, Julie and Karen Schulman\. 2016\. “Set Up to Fail\: When Low\-Wage Work Jeopardizes Parents’ and Children’s Success\.” Washington, DC\: National Women’s Law Center\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/nwlc\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FINAL\-Set\-Up\-To\-Fail\-When\-Low\-Wage\-Work\-Jeopardizes\-Parents%E2%80%99\-and\-Children%E2%80%99s\-Success\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/nwlc\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/FINAL\-Set\-Up\-To\-Fail\-When\-Low\-Wage\-Work\-Jeopardizes\-Parents%E2%80%99\-and\-Children%E2%80%99s\-Success\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips45',tt_store_content,'15677','Unpredictable schedules and low paying jobs create challenges for parents and caregivers struggling to provide opportunities during children’s early years of life',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Kaufmann, Greg\. 2018\.” The Poor People’s Campaign Calls Out ‘Policy Violence’\.” Nation, October 16\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.thenation\.com\/article\/the\-poor\-peoples\-campaign\-calls\-out\-policy\-violence\/\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.thenation\.com\/article\/the\-poor\-peoples\-campaign\-calls\-out\-policy\-violence\/\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips46',tt_store_content,'15848','“These policies don’t happen in a vacuum,” she told Greg Kaufmann in an article for The Nation, “They are written on the bodies and brains of the family\.”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Kaufmann, “Policy Violence\.”"; toolTips('.classtoolTips47',tt_store_content,'15851','“In some ways we don’t need more science to keep demonstrating that these \[assistance\] programs work,” said Ettinger de Cuba\. “We just need to fund them\.”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Class Action Complaint at pp\. 77\-98, Gary B\. v\. Synder, 329 F\.Supp\. 3d 344 \(E\.D\. Mich\. 2018\)\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.publiccounsel\.org\/tools\/assets\/files\/0812\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.publiccounsel\.org\/tools\/assets\/files\/0812\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips48',tt_store_content,'20397','a class\-action lawsuit claiming the education he and his classmates received in Detroit Public Schools was so insufficient it violated their right to basic literacy',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fischer, Will and Barbara Sard\. 2017\. “Chart Book\: Federal Housing Spending Is Poorly Matched to Need,” p\. 10\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/12\-18\-13hous\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/12\-18\-13hous\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips49',tt_store_content,'15784','Federal rental assistance—including public housing and vouchers for private rentals—helps more than 5 million of our neediest households afford a place to live',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "For a discussion on trickle\-down economics and inequality, see Dabla\-Norris, Era, Kalpana Kochhar, Frantisek Ricka, Nujin Suphaphiphat, and Evridiki Tsounta\. 2015\. “Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality\: A Global Perspective\.” Washington, DC\: International Monetary Fund\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.imf\.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2015\/sdn1513\.pdf' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.imf\.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/sdn\/2015\/sdn1513\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips50',tt_store_content,'15815','Proponents of the cuts said lower corporate rates would spur investment and economic growth, but this trickle\-down theory has proven incorrect time and time again',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Coleman\-Jensen, Alisha, Matthew P\. Rabbitt, Christian A\. Gregory, and Anita Singh\. 2018\. “Household Food Security in the United States in 2017,” Table 8\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/90023\/err\-256\.pdf\?v\=0'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/90023\/err\-256\.pdf\?v\=0\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips51',tt_store_content,'15775','In 2017 half of all households receiving SNAP were still food\-insecure, clear evidence that current SNAP benefits are insufficient to meet families’ food needs',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Corcoran, Lisa and Katrina Steinley\. 2019\. “Early Childhood Program Participation, Results from the National Household Education Surveys Program of 2016,” Table 8\. Washington, DC\: National Center for Education Statistics\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/nces\.ed\.gov\/pubs2017\/2017101REV\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/nces\.ed\.gov\/pubs2017\/2017101REV\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips52',tt_store_content,'15679','Young children in poor families are less likely to be read to and taught letters, words and numbers before entering preschool than children in non\-poor families',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "McLaughlin, Michael and Mark R\. Rank\. 2018\. “Estimating the Economic Cost of Childhood Poverty in the United States,” p\. 73\. \<em\>Social Work Research\<\/em\> 42\(2\)\. This study updates a 2008 study which estimated the cost of child poverty at roughly half a trillion dollars per year\. Holzer, Harry J\., Diane Schanzenbach, and Greg Duncan\. 2008\. “The Economic Costs of Childhood Poverty in The United States\.” \<em\>Journal of Children and Poverty\<\/em\>, 14\(1\), 41–61\. McLaughlin and Rank updated the Holzer et al\. methodology to arrive at roughly \$687 billion per year, though their topline finding is listed at \$1\.0298 trillion per year due to additional projected social costs of poverty\. To avoid overestimation of costs, this report relies on the more conservative estimate\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips53',tt_store_content,'15707','One study states the lost productivity and extra health and crime costs stemming from child poverty add up to about \$700 billion per year, or 3\.5 percent of GDP',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Hendricks, Galen and Alex Rowell\. 2018\. “Tax Cuts for the Top 1 Percent Cost More Than SNAP\.” Washington, DC\: Center for American Progress\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.americanprogress\.org\/issues\/economy\/news\/2018\/05\/01\/450214\/tax\-cuts\-top\-1\-percent\-cost\-snap\/' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.americanprogress\.org\/issues\/economy\/news\/2018\/05\/01\/450214\/tax\-cuts\-top\-1\-percent\-cost\-snap\/\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips54',tt_store_content,'15801','The top 1 percent of households are projected to receive over \$84 billion in tax cuts in 2019 alone—more than the annual cost of the entire SNAP food program\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Child Trends\. 2015\. “Homeless Children and Youth\.” \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/indicators\/homeless\-children\-and\-youth'\>https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/indicators\/homeless\-children\-and\-youth\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips55',tt_store_content,'15690','Children who experience homelessness are more likely to suffer chronic health problems, witness violence, get suspended or expelled or drop out of high school',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Congressional Budget Office, “Reducing the Deficit,” p\. 123\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips56',tt_store_content,'15940','Reducing the Department of Defense’s budget by just 10 percent would cut federal spending by an average of \<strong\>\$52 billion\</strong\> a year over a decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Vargas, Theresa, Emma Brown, Lynh Bui, and Peter Hermann\. 2014\. “Before Relisha Rudd Went Missing, the 8\-year\-old Longed to Escape D\.C\.’s Homeless Shelter\.” \<em\>Washington Post\<\/em\>, April 5\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/local\/before\-relisha\-rudd\-went\-missing\-the\-8\-year\-old\-longed\-to\-escape\-dcs\-homeless\-shelter\/2014\/04\/05\/e21a020a\-bc19\-11e3\-9a05\-c739f29ccb08_story\.html%3Futm_term%3D\.c534b334418b'\>https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/local\/before\-relisha\-rudd\-went\-missing\-the\-8\-year\-old\-longed\-to\-escape\-dcs\-homeless\-shelter\/2014\/04\/05\/e21a020a\-bc19\-11e3\-9a05\-c739f29ccb08_story\.html\?utm_term\=\.c534b334418b\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips57',tt_store_content,'15694','But assigning blame did nothing to bring Relisha—who loved art and baby dolls and would exuberantly spell V\-I\-C\-T\-O\-R\-Y on her school’s cheer team—home',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Food Research and Action Center\. 2015\. “Understanding the Connections\: Food Insecurity and Obesity\.” Washington, DC\: Food Research and Action Center\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/frac_brief_understanding_the_connections\.pdf'\>\<u\>http\:\/\/frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/frac_brief_understanding_the_connections\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips58',tt_store_content,'15684','Beyond food insecurity, limited access to healthy, nutritious food options can threaten children’s physical development and increase their risk of obesity',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\., p\. 3\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips59',tt_store_content,'15842','PepsiCo and Goldman Sachs also hold tens of billions in profit overseas to avoid U\.S\. taxes but don’t provide estimates of their potential tax liabilities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "White House Office of Management and Budget\. n\.d\. “Historical Tables,” Table 1\.1, Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits\: 1789\-2024\. Accessed March 21, 2019\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.whitehouse\.gov\/omb\/historical\-tables\/' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.whitehouse\.gov\/omb\/historical\-tables\/\<\/a\>\<\/u\> \(select Table 1\.1 from list\)\.<br/>For 2015 GDP estimates, see “GDP\-GDI\-vintage\-history,”<br/>Bureau of Economic Analysis, last modified April 24, 2019\.<br/>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.bea\.gov\/media\/3481\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.bea\.gov\/media\/3481\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips60',tt_store_content,'15853','—only 1\.4 percent of the \$3\.7 trillion spent by the federal government in 2015 and 0\.3 percent of the country’s gross domestic product \(GDP\) that year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Children in deep poverty were less likely than children between 50 and 100 percent of the poverty line to benefit from this package\. Immigration may also explain why some children would remain poor\. Many policies and programs included in this analysis only benefit citizens and authorized immigrants who have been in the U\.S\. for a minimum of five years\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips61',tt_store_content,'15721','Overall, 9\.1 million poor children—95 percent of all poor children—would see family resources increase; only 500,000 poor children would not benefit',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Egan, Matt\. 2018\. “Corporate America gives out a record \$1 trillion in stock buybacks\.” \<em\>CNN\<\/em\>, December 17\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cnn\.com\/2018\/12\/17\/investing\/stock\-buybacks\-trillion\-dollars\/index\.html' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.cnn\.com\/2018\/12\/17\/investing\/stock\-buybacks\-trillion\-dollars\/index\.html\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips62',tt_store_content,'15816','In the first year after their tax bill windfall, U\.S\. companies spent more than \$1 trillion on stock buybacks to maximize value for wealthy shareholders',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. 2017\. “Food Security and Nutrition Assistance\.” \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/data\-products\/ag\-and\-food\-statistics\-charting\-the\-essentials\/food\-security\-and\-nutrition\-assistance\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/data\-products\/ag\-and\-food\-statistics\-charting\-the\-essentials\/food\-security\-and\-nutrition\-assistance\/\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips63',tt_store_content,'15685','What does it mean to be food insecure or, as the U\.S\. Department of Agriculture phrases it, to not have “adequate food for active, healthy living\?”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Collins, Chuck and Josh Hoxie\. 2017\. “Billionaire Bonanza\: The Forbes 400 and the Rest of Us,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: Institute for Policy Studies\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/BILLIONAIRE\-BONANZA\-2017\-Embargoed\.pdf' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\> https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/BILLIONAIRE\-BONANZA\-2017\-Embargoed\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips64',tt_store_content,'15915','In 2017, the three richest men in America held more wealth than the entire bottom half of the country with a population of more than 323 million people',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs\. 2019\. “OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book,” Demographic Characteristics of Juvenile Arrests, 2018\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/crime\/qa05104\.asp\?qaDate\=2017'\>https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/crime\/qa05104\.asp\?qaDate\=2017\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips65',tt_store_content,'20540','Although 62 percent of children arrested in the U\.S\. were white, children of color were nearly two times more likely to be arrested than white children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Trisi, Danilo\. 2018\. “Economic Security Programs Cut poverty in Half Over Last 50 Years, New Data Show,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/research\/poverty\-and\-inequality\/economic\-security\-programs\-cut\-poverty\-nearly\-in\-half\-over\-last\-50#_ftnref1'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/research\/poverty\-and\-inequality\/economic\-security\-programs\-cut\-poverty\-nearly\-in\-half\-over\-last\-50#_ftnref1\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips66',tt_store_content,'15723','Since 1967, child poverty has been cut almost in half with the help of benefits like nutrition assistance, housing vouchers and refundable tax credits',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. House of Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security\. \<em\>Field Hearing\: Immigration Raides\: Impacts and Aftermath on Mississippi Communities\<\/em\>\. Testimony by Lorena Quiroz of Working Together Mississippi\. 116th Cong\., 1st sess\., Nov\. 7, 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/docs\.house\.gov\/meetings\/HM\/HM00\/20191107\/110055\/HHRG\-116\-HM00\-Wstate\-Quiroz\-LewisL\-20191107\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/docs\.house\.gov\/meetings\/HM\/HM00\/20191107\/110055\/HHRG\-116\-HM00\-Wstate\-Quiroz\-LewisL\-20191107\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips67',tt_store_content,'20413','“\[Children\] are being forced to pay for something they had no control over because of the atmosphere of fear that was created after the raids\.”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, “Final Tax Bill,” p\. 1\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips68',tt_store_content,'15811','More than half of benefits paid in 2019 will flow to the richest 5 percent of taxpayers, while only 1 percent will benefit the bottom 20 percent\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Grogger, Jeffrey\. 2003\. “The Effects of Time Limits, the EITC, and Other Policy Changes on Welfare Use, Work, and Income among Female\-Headed Families\.” \<em\>Review of Economics and Statistics\<\/em\>, 85\(2\), 394–408\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips69',tt_store_content,'15753','EITC expansion was the main reason employment among single mothers increased in the 1990s—even more than the booming economy or welfare reform',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, “Final Tax Bill,” p\. 1\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips70',tt_store_content,'15809','More than half of benefits paid in 2019 will flow to the richest 5 percent of taxpayers, while only 1 percent will benefit the bottom 20 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Beer, Sebastian, Ruud de Mooij, and Li Liu\. 2018\. “International Corporate Tax Avoidance\: A Review of the Channels, Magnitudes, and Blind Spots,” p\.26\. Washington, DC\: International Monetary Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips71',tt_store_content,'15854','A study from the International Monetary Fund estimates our nation loses about \$200 billion a year in tax revenue due to corporate tax avoidance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fontenot, Kayla, Jessica Semega, and Melissa Kollar\. 2018\. “Income and Poverty in the United States\: 2017,” p\. 14; p\. 47\. Washington, DC\: United States Census Bureau\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2018\/demo\/p60\-263\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2018\/demo\/p60\-263\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips72',tt_store_content,'15676','In 2017 over 12\.8 million children in America lived below the official poverty line—\$25,094 for a family of four—based only on cash income',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Padilla, Mariel\. 2019\. “Officer Under Investigation After Arresting 6\-Year\-Olds, Chief Says\.” \<em\>New York Times\<\/em\>, September 23\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/2019\/09\/22\/us\/6\-year\-old\-arrested\-orlando\-florida\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/2019\/09\/22\/us\/6\-year\-old\-arrested\-orlando\-florida\.html\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips73',tt_store_content,'20386','“No six\-year\-old child should be able to tell somebody that they had handcuffs on them and they were riding in the back of a police car,”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Dutta\-Gupta, Indivar, Kali Grant, Matthew Eckel, and Peter Edelman\. 2016\. “Lessons Learned from 40 Years of Subsidized Employment Programs\: A Framework, Review of Models, and Recommendations for Helping Disadvantaged Workers\.” Washington, DC\: Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality\.<br/>\<u\>\<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.georgetownpoverty\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/GCPI\-Subsidized\-Employment\-Paper\-20160413\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.georgetownpoverty\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/GCPI\-Subsidized\-Employment\-Paper\-20160413\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips74',tt_store_content,'15732','Publicly\-funded transitional jobs could provide work for the unemployed and underemployed, enabling them to earn income and build skills',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "World Health Organization\. 2019\. 'WHO Mortality Database, Cause of Death Query Online \(CoDQL\)\.' Accessed August 13, 2019\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/apps\.who\.int\/healthinfo\/statistics\/mortality\/causeofdeath_query'\>http\:\/\/apps\.who\.int\/healthinfo\/statistics\/mortality\/causeofdeath_query\<\/a\>\/; CDC\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. Note\: Rates are not age\-adjusted\. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund"; toolTips('.classtoolTips75',tt_store_content,'20568','Children and teens in the U\.S\. are 15 times more likely to die from gunfire than their peers in 31 other high\-income countries combined',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "The Urban Institute’s full report can be found at CDF’s website, or \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/research\/publication\/reducing\-child\-poverty\-us\-updated\-analysis\-policies\-proposed\-childrens\-defense\-fund'\>https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/research\/publication\/reducing\-child\-poverty\-us\-updated\-analysis\-policies\-proposed\-childrens\-defense\-fund\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips76',tt_store_content,'15730','For more details about the Urban Institute’s methods, please refer to Appendix 2 and the Urban Institute’s technical report online',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Congressional Budget Office\. 2019\. “The Distribution of Household Income, 2016,” p\. 21\. Washington, DC\: Congressional Budget Office\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbo\.gov\/publication\/55413'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbo\.gov\/publication\/55413\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips77',tt_store_content,'20347','incomes for the top 1 percent of earners have grown by 226 percent, compared with only 47 percent for the middle 60 percent of earners',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips78',tt_store_content,'15693','Signs dotting the hallways announce “No Playing on the Hotel Premises” and children are forbidden from gathering in common spaces',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Defense\. 2018\. “Defense Budget Overview\: United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2019 Budget Request,” p\. 1\-2\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Defense\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/dod\.defense\.gov\/Portals\/1\/Documents\/pubs\/FY2019\-Budget\-Request\-Overview\-Book\.pdf\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/dod\.defense\.gov\/Portals\/1\/Documents\/pubs\/FY2019\-Budget\-Request\-Overview\-Book\.pdf\<\/u\>\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips79',tt_store_content,'15845','The United States Department of Defense will spend more than \$686 billion in FY2019, an increase of more than \$74 billion over FY2018',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cook, John T\. and Deborah A\. Frank\. 2008\. “Food Security,<br/>Poverty, and Human Development in the United States\.”<br/>\<em\>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\<\/em\> 1136\: 193\-209\.<br/>\<a href\='http\:\/\/onlinelibrary\.wiley\.com\/doi\/10\.1196\/annals\.1425\.001\/epdf'\>\<u\>http\:\/\/onlinelibrary\.wiley\.com\/doi\/10\.1196\/annals\.1425\.001\/epdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips80',tt_store_content,'15776','Food insecurity hurts children’s cognitive development and has been linked to poor nutrition, poor health and behavioral problems',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cook, John T\. and Deborah A\. Frank\. 2008\. “Food Security,<br/>Poverty, and Human Development in the United States\.”<br/>\<em\>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences\<\/em\> 1136\: 193\-209\.<br/>\<a href\='http\:\/\/onlinelibrary\.wiley\.com\/doi\/10\.1196\/annals\.1425\.001\/epdf'\>\<u\>http\:\/\/onlinelibrary\.wiley\.com\/doi\/10\.1196\/annals\.1425\.001\/epdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips81',tt_store_content,'15778','Food insecurity hurts children’s cognitive development and has been linked to poor nutrition, poor health and behavioral problems',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "TPC Staff\. 2017\. “Distributional Analysis of the Conference Agreement for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” p\. 5\. Washington, DC\: Tax Policy Center\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.taxpolicycenter\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/150816\/2001641_distributional_analysis_of_the_conference_agreement_for_the_tax_cuts_and_jobs_act_0\.pdf' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>http\:\/\/www\.taxpolicycenter\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/150816\/2001641_distributional_analysis_of_the_conference_agreement_for_the_tax_cuts_and_jobs_act_0\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips82',tt_store_content,'15814','After a decade, the Tax Policy Center estimates 83 percent of the benefits of the tax bill will accrue to the wealthiest 1 percent\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips83',tt_store_content,'15831','Increasing the corporate tax rate from 21 to 25 percent would increase revenue by approximately \<strong\>\$36 billion\</strong\> a year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Dvorak, Petula\. 2018\. “’They Say We Can’t Play’\: What Life is Like for Forgotten Homeless Kids\.” \<em\>Washington Post\<\/em\>, July 19\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/local\/they\-say\-we\-cant\-play\-what\-life\-is\-like\-for\-dcs\-forgotten\-homeless\-kids\/2018\/07\/19\/63d6f58c\-8b50\-11e8\-8aea\-86e88ae760d8_story\.html%3Futm_term%3D\.52531863df89'\>https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/local\/they\-say\-we\-cant\-play\-what\-life\-is\-like\-for\-dcs\-forgotten\-homeless\-kids\/2018\/07\/19\/63d6f58c\-8b50\-11e8\-8aea\-86e88ae760d8_story\.html\?utm_term\=\.52531863df89\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips84',tt_store_content,'15692','Scattered about the ballroom of a motel in Northeast Washington, D\.C\., and captured in a Washington Post column by Petula Dvorak',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Joint Committee on Taxation, Estimated Budget Effects for H\.R\.1\., p\. 2\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips85',tt_store_content,'15921','Scrapping the increased estate tax exemption for the wealthiest families would save more than \<strong\>\$8 billion\</strong\> a year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Schuetz, Jenny\. 2018\. “Under US Housing Policies, Homeowners Mostly Win, While Renters Mostly Lose\.” Washington, DC\: Brookings Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/research\/under\-us\-housing\-policies\-homeowners\-mostly\-win\-while\-renters\-mostly\-lose\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/research\/under\-us\-housing\-policies\-homeowners\-mostly\-win\-while\-renters\-mostly\-lose\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips86',tt_store_content,'20454','on tax subsidies for homeownership—which primarily go to families who are already financially stable—as on rental assistance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Schuetz, Jenny\. 2018\. “Under US Housing Policies, Homeowners Mostly Win, While Renters Mostly Lose\.” Washington, DC\: Brookings Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/research\/under\-us\-housing\-policies\-homeowners\-mostly\-win\-while\-renters\-mostly\-lose\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/research\/under\-us\-housing\-policies\-homeowners\-mostly\-win\-while\-renters\-mostly\-lose\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips87',tt_store_content,'20533','on tax subsidies for homeownership—which primarily go to families who are already financially stable—as on rental assistance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. 2017\. “Summary Health Statistics\: National Health Interview Survey, 2017” Table C\-5a, data for children under age 18\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/ftp\.cdc\.gov\/pub\/Health_Statistics\/NCHS\/NHIS\/SHS\/2017_SHS_Table_C\-5\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/ftp\.cdc\.gov\/pub\/Health_Statistics\/NCHS\/NHIS\/SHS\/2017_SHS_Table_C\-5\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips88',tt_store_content,'15695','According to a 2017 national survey, poor children experienced fair or poor health at five times the rate of non\-poor children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips89',tt_store_content,'15829','Restoring the top individual tax rate to 39\.6 percent would save about \<strong\>\$14 billion\</strong\> a year for the next decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation\. 2018\. Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Fiscal Years 2018\-2022, p\. 23\. 115th Cong\., 2nd sess\., 2018\. Publication JCX\-81\-18\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.jct\.gov\/publications\.html\?func\=select&amp;id\=77' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.jct\.gov\/publications\.html\?func\=select&amp;id\=77\<\/a\> \(select JCX\-81\-18 from list\)\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips90',tt_store_content,'15918','Taxing capital gains and dividends for the wealthy at the same rate as wages would save \<strong\>\$130 billion\</strong\> a year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Grall, Timothy\. 2018\. “Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support\: 2015,” p\. 13\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Census Bureau\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2018\/demo\/P60\-262\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2018\/demo\/P60\-262\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips91',tt_store_content,'15791','Child support made up over half \(58 percent\) of all income among poor custodial families who received full payments in 2015',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "KIDS COUNT Data Center\. 2019\. “Children in Kinship Care\.” Baltimore\: Annie E\. Casey Foundation\. Updated September 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/tables\/10455\-children\-in\-kinship\-care\?loc\=1&amp;loct\=1#detailed\/1\/any\/false\/1757\/any\/20160,20161'\>https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/tables\/10455\-children\-in\-kinship\-care\?loc\=1&amp;loct\=1#detailed\/1\/any\/false\/1757\/any\/20160,20161\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips92',tt_store_content,'20380','more than 2\.6 million children lived in households headed by grandparents or other relatives without their parents present',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Data Resource Center for Child &amp; Adolescent Health\. 2019\. “2017\-2018 National Survey of Children’s Health,” Indicator 6\.13\: Adverse Childhood Experiences\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childhealthdata\.org\/browse\/survey\/results\?q\=7205&amp;r\=1&amp;g\=721'\>https\:\/\/www\.childhealthdata\.org\/browse\/survey\/results\?q\=7205&amp;r\=1&amp;g\=721\<\/a\><br/>&nbsp;"; toolTips('.classtoolTips93',tt_store_content,'20383','more than 60 percent of Black children have suffered at least one ACE compared with less than 40 percent of white children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Advocates for Children of New York\. 2018\. “New Data Show Student Homelessness Continues to Rise in New York City and New York State\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/advocatesforchildren\.org\/node\/1288'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/advocatesforchildren\.org\/node\/1288\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips94',tt_store_content,'15789','In New York, more than 1 in 10 students enrolled in city and state schools were homeless during the 2017\-2018 school year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Phillips, Richard, Matt Gardner, Alexandria Robbins, and Michelle Surka\. 2017\. “Offshore Shell Games 2017,” p\. 12\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Public Interest Research Group, Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips95',tt_store_content,'15835','The world’s 500 largest companies currently hold \$2\.6 trillion in profits outside the United States to avoid U\.S\. taxes',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cronquist, Kathryn and Sarah Lauffer\. 2019\. “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households\: Fiscal Year 2017,” Table B\.14\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ops\/Characteristics2017\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ops\/Characteristics2017\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips96',tt_store_content,'15771','The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program \(SNAP\) helped combat hunger among more than 18 million children in FY2017',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Peter G\. Peterson Foundation\. 2018\. “U\.S\. Defense Spending<br/>Compared to Other Countries\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.pgpf\.org\/chartarchive\/0053_defense\-comparison\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.pgpf\.org\/chartarchive\/0053_defense\-comparison\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips97',tt_store_content,'15924','The U\.S\. already spends more on the military than China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, India, France, the UK and Japan combined',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cronquist, Kathryn and Sarah Lauffer\. 2019\. “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households\: Fiscal Year 2017,” Table B\.14\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ops\/Characteristics2017\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ops\/Characteristics2017\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips98',tt_store_content,'15687','SNAP helped combat food insecurity among more than 18 million children in 2017—a quarter of our nation’s children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid, pp\. 1–2\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips99',tt_store_content,'15759','These limitations deny approximately 27 million children under 17 the credit’s full benefits or any benefit at all',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Wagmiller Jr\., Robert and Robert Adelman\. 2009\. “Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty\: The Long\-Term Consequences of Growing up Poor,” Table 1\. New York\: National Center for Children in Poverty\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/nccp\.org\/publications\/pdf\/text_909\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/nccp\.org\/publications\/pdf\/text_909\.pdf\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips100',tt_store_content,'20294','Children who experience poverty are also more likely to be poor at age 30 than children who never experience poverty',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Rudowitz, Robin, Samantha Artiga, and Rachel Arguello\. 2014\. “Children’s Health Coverage\: Medicaid, CHIP, and the ACA,” Figure 3\. San Francisco, CA\: Kaiser Family Foundation\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.kff\.org\/health\-reform\/issue\-brief\/childrens\-health\-coverage\-medicaid\-chip\-and\-the\-aca\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.kff\.org\/health\-reform\/issue\-brief\/childrens\-health\-coverage\-medicaid\-chip\-and\-the\-aca\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips101',tt_store_content,'20509','Children in low\- to middle\-income families are more likely to be covered by Medicaid and CHIP than private insurance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Feeding America\. “Mobile Food Pantry Program\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.feedingamerica\.org\/our\-work\/hunger\-relief\-programs\/mobile\-food\-pantry\-program'\>https\:\/\/www\.feedingamerica\.org\/our\-work\/hunger\-relief\-programs\/mobile\-food\-pantry\-program\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips102',tt_store_content,'20520','Mobile meal trucks and mobile food pantry programs to help remove barriers that prevent access to underserved areas',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Child Care Aware of America\. 2018\. “Parents and the High Cost of Child Care 2018 Report,” p\. 36; Appendix XII\. Arlington, VA\: Child Care Aware of America\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/cdn2\.hubspot\.net\/hubfs\/3957809\/costofcare2018\.pdf\?__hstc\=&amp;__hssc\=&amp;hsCtaTracking\=b4367fa6\-f3b9\-4e6c\-acf4\-b5d01d0dc570%7C94d3f065\-e4fc\-4250\-a163\-bafc3defaf20'\>https\:\/\/cdn2\.hubspot\.net\/hubfs\/3957809\/costofcare2018\.pdf\?__hstc\=&amp;__hssc\=&amp;hsCtaTracking\=b4367fa6\-f3b9\-4e6c\-acf4\-b5d01d0dc570%7C94d3f065\-e4fc\-4250\-a163\-bafc3defaf20\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips103',tt_store_content,'15763','Center\-based infant care cost more than in\-state college tuition in 28 states and the District of Columbia in 2017',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \(CDC\)\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death, 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. Accessed using CDC WONDER Online Database\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html'\>https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html\<\/a\>\. Note\: All data are for children and teens ages 0\-19 and exclude deaths for interactions with law enforcement\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips104',tt_store_content,'20558','In 2017, 3,410 children and teens were killed with guns in America—the greatest number since 1998 \(see Table 36\)',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Wiebe, Douglas\. 2003\. 'Homicide and Suicid Risks Associated with Firearms in the Home\: A National Case\-Control Study\.' \<em\>Annals of Emergency Medicine \<\/em\>41\(6\)\: 771\-782\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips105',tt_store_content,'20578','41 percent of gun\-related homicides and 94 percent of gun\-related suicides would not occur if no guns were present',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "“The Budget and Economic Outlook\: 2018\-2028\.” 2018\. Congressional Budget Office\: Washington, DC\.<br/>\<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbo\.gov\/system\/files\/2019\-04\/53651\-outlook\-2\.pdf' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbo\.gov\/system\/files\/2019\-04\/53651\-outlook\-2\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips106',tt_store_content,'15794','In 2017 Congress approved tax cuts for the wealthy that will add \$1\.9 trillion to the national debt over a decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Brundage, Suzanne, Adam Fifield, and Lee Partridge\. 2019 “The Ripple Effect\: National and State Estimates of the U\.S\. Opioid Epidemic’s Impact on Children,” p\. 4; p\. 10\. New York\: United Hospital Fund\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/uhfnyc\.org\/media\/filer_public\/6e\/80\/6e80760f\-d579\-46a3\-998d\-1aa816ab06f6\/uhf_ripple_effect_national_and_state_estimates_chartbook\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/uhfnyc\.org\/media\/filer_public\/6e\/80\/6e80760f\-d579\-46a3\-998d\-1aa816ab06f6\/uhf_ripple_effect_national_and_state_estimates_chartbook\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips107',tt_store_content,'20366','75,000 entering foster care and the rest being raised by family outside the supports of the child welfare system',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Isaacs, Julia B\. 2012\. “Starting School at a Disadvantage\: The School Readiness of Poor Children,” p\. 3\. Washington, DC\: Brookings Institution\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/0319_school_disadvantage_isaacs\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.brookings\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/0319_school_disadvantage_isaacs\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips108',tt_store_content,'15699','Less than half of poor children are ready for school at age 5 compared with 75 percent of their wealthier peers',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University\. “Key Concepts\: Brain Architecture\.” Accessed December 19, 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/developingchild\.harvard\.edu\/science\/key\-concepts\/brain\-architecture\/'\>https\:\/\/developingchild\.harvard\.edu\/science\/key\-concepts\/brain\-architecture\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips109',tt_store_content,'20506','making more than one million neural connections every second and growing faster than at any point later in life',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips110',tt_store_content,'15678','These conditions interfere with parents’ quality time with their children and curtail learning opportunities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Henry, Meghan, Anna Mahathey, Tlyer Morrill, Anna Robinson, Azim Shivji, and Rian Watt, Abt Associates\. 2018\. “The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report \(AHAR\) to Congress,” p\. 10\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/files\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2018\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/files\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2018\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips111',tt_store_content,'20455','Children comprised 111,592—1 in 5—of the nearly 553,000 people experiencing homelessness on a single night',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Barnett, W\. Steven, Kwanghee Jung, Min\-Jong Youn, and Ellen Frede\. 2013\. “Abbott Preschool Program Longitudinal Effects Study\: Fifth Grade Follow\-Up,” p\. 2\. New Brunswick, NJ\: National Institute for Early Education Research\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/nieer\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/APPLES205th20Grade\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/nieer\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/APPLES205th20Grade\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips112',tt_store_content,'20490','special education placement rates and increase achievement in literacy, math and science through fifth grade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Congressional Budget Office, “Reducing the Deficit,” p\. 123\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips113',tt_store_content,'15846','2018 decision to sharply increase military spending would save \<strong\>\$160 billion\</strong\> over two years',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Grimm, Michaela, Michael Heise, Arne Holzhausen, and Patricia Pelayo Romero\. 2019\. “Global Wealth Report 2019,” p\. 50\-51\. Munich, Germany\: Allianz\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.allianz\.com\/content\/dam\/onemarketing\/azcom\/Allianz_com\/economic\-research\/publications\/specials\/en\/2019\/AGWR_2019\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.allianz\.com\/content\/dam\/onemarketing\/azcom\/Allianz_com\/economic\-research\/publications\/specials\/en\/2019\/AGWR_2019\.pdf\<\/a\>; Alvaredo, Facundo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman\. 2018\. “World Inequality Report\.” Paris\: World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wir2018\.wid\.world\/files\/download\/wir2018\-full\-report\-english\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/wir2018\.wid\.world\/files\/download\/wir2018\-full\-report\-english\.pdf\<\/a\>\. \<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips114',tt_store_content,'20367','that the U\.S\. has the highest level of wealth inequality and one of the highest levels of income inequality',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Brown, David, Amanda Kowalski, and Ithai Lurie\. 2015\. “Medicaid as an Investment in Children\: What is the Long\-Term Impact on Tax Receipts\?” p\. 31\-32\. Cambridge, MA\:  National Bureau of Economic Research\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w20835\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w20835\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips115',tt_store_content,'20475','low\- to middle\-income families are more likely to be covered by Medicaid and CHIP than private insurance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2019\. “Current Population Survey, 2018 School Enrollment in the United States\: October 2018 \- Detailed Tables,” Table 3\.  \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/2018\/demo\/school\-enrollment\/2018\-cps\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/2018\/demo\/school\-enrollment\/2018\-cps\.html\<\/a\>; Education Commission of the States\. 2018\. “State Kindergarten\-Through\-Third\-Grade Policies\.” \<a href\='http\:\/\/ecs\.force\.com\/mbdata\/MBQuest2RTanw\?rep\=KK3Q1805'\>http\:\/\/ecs\.force\.com\/mbdata\/MBQuest2RTanw\?rep\=KK3Q1805\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips116',tt_store_content,'20502','access to full\-day kindergarten is only guaranteed by statute in 14 states and the District of Columbia',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center for American Progress, Movement Advancement Project, and Youth First\. 2017\. “Unjust\: LGBTQ Youth Incarcerated in the Juvenile Justice System,” p\. 2\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/lgbtmap\.org\/criminal\-justice\-youth\-detention'\>http\:\/\/lgbtmap\.org\/criminal\-justice\-youth\-detention\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips117',tt_store_content,'20549','two times that of LGBTQ youth in the general population \(7\-9 percent\); 85 percent are children of color',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau\. 2019\. “The AFCARS Report,” p\. 4\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips118',tt_store_content,'20378','Twenty\-six percent of children waiting to be adopted entered foster care before they were one year old',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fowler, Sarah\. 2019\. “Where are Mom and Dad\? School on Standby to Help Children in Aftermath of ICE Raids\.” \<em\>Clarion Ledger\<\/em\>, August 7\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.clarionledger\.com\/story\/news\/2019\/08\/07\/what\-happens\-children\-people\-detained\-ms\-ice\-raids\-immigration\/1947642001\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.clarionledger\.com\/story\/news\/2019\/08\/07\/what\-happens\-children\-people\-detained\-ms\-ice\-raids\-immigration\/1947642001\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips119',tt_store_content,'20412','U\.S\. immigration officials on August 7, 2019 conducted a series of worksite raids near Jackson, Miss\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Lu, Peng\-jun, Alissa O’Halloran, and Walter Williams\. 2015\. “Impact of Health Insurance Status on Vaccination Coverage Among Adult Populations\.” \<em\>American Journal of Preventive Medicine\<\/em\> 48\(6\)\: 647\-661\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5826635\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5826635\/\<\/a\>; Zhang, Shishu\. 2012\. “Do Our Children Become Healthier and Wiser\? A Study of the Effect of Medicaid Coverage on School Absenteeism\.” \<em\>International Journal of Health Services \<\/em\>42\(4\)\: 627\-646\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pubmed\/23367797'\>https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pubmed\/23367797\<\/a\>;  Murphey, David\. 2017\. “Health Insurance Coverage Improves Child Well\-Being\.” Bethesda, MD\: Child Trends\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/publications\/health\-insurance\-coverage\-improves\-child\-well'\>https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/publications\/health\-insurance\-coverage\-improves\-child\-well\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips120',tt_store_content,'20457','better educational outcomes and grow up to be economically secure and contribute to their communities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2019\. “Current Population Survey, 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,” Table POV\-34, Single Year of Age\- Poverty Status\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/time\-series\/demo\/income\-poverty\/cps\-pov\/pov\-34\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/time\-series\/demo\/income\-poverty\/cps\-pov\/pov\-34\.html\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips121',tt_store_content,'20487','who often face unsafe and stressful environments where their physical and emotional needs are not met',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Hayes, Clarissa, Randy Rosso, and Crystal FitzSimons\. 2019\. “Hunger Doesn’t Take a Vacation\: Summer Nutrition Status Report,” p\. 5\. Washington, DC\: FRAC\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/frac\-summer\-nutrition\-report\-2019\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/frac\-summer\-nutrition\-report\-2019\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips122',tt_store_content,'20500','only 14 percent of children who received free or reduced\-price lunch during the 2017\-2018 school year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Gregory, Matt\. 2019\. “Considering a Second Child in DC\? You May Need a Second Job, Too\.” \<em\>WUSA\<\/em\>, November 11\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.wusa9\.com\/article\/news\/local\/dc\-one\-of\-the\-most\-expensive\-places\-to\-raise\-a\-kid\-in\-the\-us\/65\-a3b7119a\-3c03\-46bb\-8347\-ff8f42d5ed16'\>https\:\/\/www\.wusa9\.com\/article\/news\/local\/dc\-one\-of\-the\-most\-expensive\-places\-to\-raise\-a\-kid\-in\-the\-us\/65\-a3b7119a\-3c03\-46bb\-8347\-ff8f42d5ed16\<\/a\>; Child Care Aware of America\. 2019\. “The US and the High Cost of Child Care\: An Examination of a Broken System\.” Arlington, VA\: Child Care Aware of America\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips123',tt_store_content,'20484','face even fewer options in a city where the average cost of child care is \$24,000 per child per year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University\. 2013\. “In Brief\: Early Childhood Mental Health\.” Cambridge, MA\: Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/46y5eh11fhgw3ve3ytpwxt9r\-wpengine\.netdna\-ssl\.com\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/InBrief\-Early\-Childhood\-Mental\-Health\-1\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/46y5eh11fhgw3ve3ytpwxt9r\-wpengine\.netdna\-ssl\.com\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/InBrief\-Early\-Childhood\-Mental\-Health\-1\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips124',tt_store_content,'20505','physical and social environments have a significant impact on their development and later well\-being',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "The study investigating the effects of state\-level minimum wage laws found that states that increased the minimum wage above the federal level experienced reduced rates of infant mortality and low birth weight\. Komro, Kelli A\., Melvin D\. Livingston, Sara Markowitz, and Alexander C\. Wagenaar\. 2016\. “The Effect of an Increased Minimum Wage on Infant Mortality and Birth Weight,” p\. 1515\. American Journal of Public Health 106\(8\)\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/ajph\.aphapublications\.org\/doi\/pdf\/10\.2105\/AJPH\.2016\.303268'\>https\:\/\/ajph\.aphapublications\.org\/doi\/pdf\/10\.2105\/AJPH\.2016\.303268\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\. For an additional study linking a higher minimum wage to improved child health outcomes, see Wehby, George, Dhaval Dave, and Robert Kaestner\. 2016\. “Effects of the Minimum Wage on Infant Health\.” Cambridge, MA\: National Bureau of Economic Research\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w22373\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w22373\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips125',tt_store_content,'15743','Recent research links a higher minimum wage to lower rates of infant mortality and low birth weight',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips126',tt_store_content,'15756','It is linked to children’s improved school performance as well as higher college attendance rates',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Government Accountability Office\. 2016\. “Better Use of Information Could Help Agencies Identify Disparities and Address Racial Discrimination,” Table 6\. Washington, DC\: Government Accountability Office\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.gao\.gov\/assets\/680\/676745\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.gao\.gov\/assets\/680\/676745\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips127',tt_store_content,'20399','more than doubled from 4\.1 to 8\.4 million students between the 2000\-2001 and 2013\-2014 school years',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips128',tt_store_content,'20519','chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Immigrant Child and Family Health, told CNBC',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Coleman\-Jensen, Alisha, Matthew P\. Rabbitt, Christian A\. Gregory, and Anita Singh\. 2018\. “Household Food Security in the United States in 2017,” Table 3\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/90023\/err\-256\.pdf\?v\=0'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/90023\/err\-256\.pdf\?v\=0\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips129',tt_store_content,'15682','In 2017, more than 43 percent of poor children lived in homes where not everyone had enough to eat',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. 2017\. “Policy Basics\: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program \(SNAP\),” p\. 3\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\.<br/>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/policybasics\-foodstamps\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/policybasics\-foodstamps\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips130',tt_store_content,'15774','However, SNAP benefits averaged only \$1\.40 a person per meal—far from enough for nutritious food',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>Campbell, Alexia Fernández\. 2018\. “Trump Says Undocumented Immigrants are an Economic Burden\. They Pay Billions in Taxes\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>Vox\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>, October 25\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.vox\.com\/2018\/4\/13\/17229018\/undocumented\-immigrants\-pay\-taxes'\>https\:\/\/www\.vox\.com\/2018\/4\/13\/17229018\/undocumented\-immigrants\-pay\-taxes\<\/a\>\. \<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips131',tt_store_content,'20344','“I think it’s important, and all my relatives pay their taxes too,” she tells a Vox reporter',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau\. 2019\. “The AFCARS Report, Preliminary FY2018 Estimates as of August 22, 2019,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/afcarsreport26\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/afcarsreport26\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips132',tt_store_content,'20364','36 percent of children in foster care are drawn into the system in part due to parental drug abuse',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau\. 2020\. “Child Maltreatment 2018,” Table 3\-5, Victims by Age, 2018\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/cb\/resource\/child\-maltreatment\-2018'\>https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/cb\/resource\/child\-maltreatment\-2018\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips133',tt_store_content,'20369','More than half of all child maltreatment cases involved children who were six years old or younger',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \(CDC\)\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death, 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. Accessed using CDC WONDER Online Database\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html'\>https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html\<\/a\>\. Note\: All data are for children and teens ages 0\-19 and exclude deaths for interactions with law enforcement\.<br/>Note\: ICD\-10 codes included C00\-D49 \(Neoplasms\); J09\-J18 \(Influenza and Pneumonia\); J45 \(Asthma\); B20\-B24 and R75 \(HIV\/AIDS\)\. Opioid overdose deaths were represented by the presence of any of the following MCOD codes\: Opium \(T40\.0\); heroin \(T40\.1\); natural opioid analgesics \(T40\.2\); methadone \(T40\.3\); synthetic opioid analgesics other than methadone \(T40\.4\); or other and unspecified narcotics \(T40\.6\)\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips134',tt_store_content,'20561','claiming more child lives than cancer, pneumonia, influenza, asthma, HIV/AIDS and opioids combined',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips135',tt_store_content,'15725','Safety net programs and tax credits lifted nearly 7 million children out of poverty in 2017 alone',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ratcliffe, Caroline\. 2015\. “Child Poverty and Adult Success,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: Urban Institute\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/65766\/2000369\-Child\-Poverty\-and\-Adult\-Success\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/65766\/2000369\-Child\-Poverty\-and\-Adult\-Success\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips136',tt_store_content,'15674','Nearly 4 in 10 children in our nation spend at least a year in poverty before their 18th birthday',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "McGreal, Chris\. 2019\. “‘You Can’t Win’\: The Parents Working Full\-Time—And Struggling to Survive\.”\<em\> The Guardian\<\/em\>, April 30\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.theguardian\.com\/us\-news\/2019\/apr\/30\/you\-cant\-win\-the\-parents\-working\-full\-time\-and\-struggling\-to\-survive'\>https\:\/\/www\.theguardian\.com\/us\-news\/2019\/apr\/30\/you\-cant\-win\-the\-parents\-working\-full\-time\-and\-struggling\-to\-survive\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips137',tt_store_content,'20440','“I have a lot of guilt because I can’t provide for them the way that I want to,” Sarah said',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Collins, Chuck et al\. 2019\. “Ten Solutions,” p\. 1\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips138',tt_store_content,'20360','product of centuries of racial discrimination that have denied families of color the opportunity',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Einhorn, Erin\. 2019\. “How a Lawsuit over Detroit Schools Could Have an ‘Earth\-Shattering’ Impact\.” \<em\>NBC News\<\/em\>, October 28\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nbcnews\.com\/news\/us\-news\/how\-lawsuit\-over\-detroit\-schools\-could\-have\-earth\-shattering\-impact\-n1072721\?fbclid\=IwAR13gJrNU3VHbbzm2NW4HhPZsuN74ec5rX7viQNg0OQdbFFmBlFcRD4vr9s'\>https\:\/\/www\.nbcnews\.com\/news\/us\-news\/how\-lawsuit\-over\-detroit\-schools\-could\-have\-earth\-shattering\-impact\-n1072721\?fbclid\=IwAR13gJrNU3VHbbzm2NW4HhPZsuN74ec5rX7viQNg0OQdbFFmBlFcRD4vr9s\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips139',tt_store_content,'20398','an eighth grade student taught his classmates math for a month when they did not have a teacher\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Berchick, Barnett, and Upton\. 2019\. “Health Insurance,” p\. 23\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips140',tt_store_content,'20461','The number of uninsured children in the United States increased by 425,000 between 2017 and 2018',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips141',tt_store_content,'15812','Foreign investors will receive more in tax cuts than the bottom 60 percent of people in America',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights\. 2019\. “School Climate and Safety,” Figure 14\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Education\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www2\.ed\.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/school\-climate\-and\-safety\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www2\.ed\.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/school\-climate\-and\-safety\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips142',tt_store_content,'20404','26 percent of students who received out\-of\-school suspensions during the 2015\-2016 school year\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Halle, Tamara, Nicole Forry, Elizabeth Hair, Kate Perper, Laura Wandner, Julia Wessel, and Jessica Vick\. 2009\. “Disparities in Early Learning and Development\: Lessons from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort \(ECLS\-B\),” p\. 2\. Bethesda, MD\: Child Trends\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/2009\-52DisparitiesELExecSumm\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.childtrends\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/2009\-52DisparitiesELExecSumm\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips143',tt_store_content,'15680','Cognitive deficits can be observed in babies as early as nine months and often worsen with age',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Care\. 2019\. “Preliminary FY 2017 CCDF Data Tables,” Tables 1, 4, 11, and 12\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/occ\/resource\/preliminary\-fy2017'\>https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/occ\/resource\/preliminary\-fy2017\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips144',tt_store_content,'20497','Access to high\-quality child care is not guaranteed even for families who do receive subsidies',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Berchick, Edward, Jessica Barnett, and Rachel Upton\. 2019\. “Health Insurance Coverage in the United States\: 2018 Current Population Reports,” p\. 23\. Suitland, MD\: U\.S\. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-267\.html'\> https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-267\.html\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips145',tt_store_content,'20453','Abel and Jacob are just two of the 425,000 children who lost their health insurance last year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Brown, David, Amanda Kowalski, and Ithai Lurie\. 2015\. “Medicaid as an Investment in Children\: What is the Long\-Term Impact on Tax Receipts\?” p\. 31\-32\. Cambridge, MA\:  National Bureau of Economic Research\.\<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w20835\.pdf'\> http\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w20835\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips146',tt_store_content,'20511','children were more likely to attend college and make greater contributions as adult taxpayers',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Joint Committee on Taxation, \<em\>Estimated Budget Effects\<\/em\> \<em\>for H\.R\.1\<\/em\>\., p\.3\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips147',tt_store_content,'15832','Eliminating the bonus depreciation program for corporations would save \$36\.5 billion in 2019',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Sullivan, Laura, Tatjana Meschede, Lars Dietrich, Thomas Shapiro, Amy Traub, Catherine Ruetschlin, and Tamara Draut\. 2015\. “The Racial Wealth Gap\: Why Policy Matters,” p\. 2\. Waltham, MA and New York\: Institute for Assets &amp; Social Policy and Demos\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.demos\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RacialWealthGap_1\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.demos\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RacialWealthGap_1\.pdf\<\/a\>\. \<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips148',tt_store_content,'20363','Nearly one\-third of the racial wealth gap is explained by differences in homeownership rates',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Jackson, C\. Kirabo, Rucker Johnson, and Claudia Persico\. 2016\. “The Effects of School Spending on Educational and Economic Outcomes\: Evidence from School Finance Reforms\.” \<em\>The Quarterly Journal of Economics \<\/em\>131\(1\)\: 157\-218\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips149',tt_store_content,'20403','a 25 percent increase in per\-pupil spending during all twelve years of a child’s education',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "No Kid Hungry\. 2017\. “Can Kids Really Get Free Meals Just by Sending a Text Message\?” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nokidhungry\.org\/blog\/can\-kids\-really\-get\-free\-meals\-just\-sending\-text\-message'\>https\:\/\/www\.nokidhungry\.org\/blog\/can\-kids\-really\-get\-free\-meals\-just\-sending\-text\-message\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips150',tt_store_content,'20522','‘FOOD’ or ‘COMIDA’ to 877\-877 to find free summer meals sites in their neighborhoods',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "CDC\. 2019\. “Nonfatal Injury Reports 2000\-2017\. ”Accessed using the Web\-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System \(WISQARS\)\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/nonfatal\.html'\>http\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/nonfatal\.html\<\/a\>\. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips151',tt_store_content,'20569','For every child or teen fatally shot in 2017, another five suffered non\-fatal gunshot wounds',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips152',tt_store_content,'15785','Due to funding limitations, however, fewer than 1 in 4 needy families with children benefit',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "CDC\. 2019\. “Nonfatal Injury Reports 2000\-2017\. ”Accessed using the Web\-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System \(WISQARS\)\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/nonfatal\.html'\>http\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/nonfatal\.html\<\/a\>\. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips153',tt_store_content,'20570','18,227 children and teens were injured with guns in 2017—a six percent increase from 2016',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Colby, Sandra and Jennifer Ortman\. 2015\. “Projections of the Size and Composition of the U\.S\. Population\: 2014 to 2060,” p\. 13\. Suitland, MD\: U\.S\. Census Bureau\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2015\/demo\/p25\-1143\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2015\/demo\/p25\-1143\.pdf\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips154',tt_store_content,'20289','It is projected that the majority of all U\.S\. children will be children of color this year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2016\. “Annual Statistics\: 2016 \(Including Historical Data by State and MSA\),” Table 22, Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity of Householder\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/housing\/hvs\/data\/ann16ind\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/housing\/hvs\/data\/ann16ind\.html\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips155',tt_store_content,'20361','less than half of Black \(42 percent\) and Hispanic households \(46 percent\) owned their home',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Gowan, Peter and Ryan Cooper\. 2017\. “Social Housing in the United States,” p\. 5\-7\. People’s Policy Project\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.peoplespolicyproject\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/SocialHousing\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.peoplespolicyproject\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/SocialHousing\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips156',tt_store_content,'20442','The problem of rising rents was exacerbated by the problem of stagnant working\-class wages',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Shonkoff, Jack and Deborah Phillips\. 2000\. \<em\>From Neurons to Neighborhoods\: The Science of Early Childhood Development\<\/em\>\. Washington, DC\: National Academy Press\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.nap\.edu\/read\/9824\/chapter\/1#ii'\>http\:\/\/www\.nap\.edu\/read\/9824\/chapter\/1#ii\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips157',tt_store_content,'20485','better impulse control as well as improved achievement in school and throughout their life',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Yoshikawa, Hirokazu, Christina Weiland, Jeanne Brooks\-Gunn, Margaret Burchinal, Linda Espinosa, William Gormley, Jens Ludwig, Katherine Magnuson, Deborah Phillips, and Martha Zaslow\. 2013\. “Investing in Our Future\: The Evidence Base on Preschool Education,” p\. 14\. Washington, DC and New York\: Society for Research in Child Development and Foundation for Child Development\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.fcd\-us\.org\/assets\/2013\/10\/Evidence20Base20on20Preschool20Education20FINAL\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.fcd\-us\.org\/assets\/2013\/10\/Evidence20Base20on20Preschool20Education20FINAL\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips158',tt_store_content,'20489','hold a job and make more money and are less likely to commit a crime than peers who do not',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Kenney, Genevieve, Sharon Long, and Adela Luque\. 2010\. “Health Reform in Massachusetts Cut the Uninsurance Rate among Children in Half\.” \<em\>Health Affairs\<\/em\> 29\(6\)\: 1242\-1247\. doi\:10\.1377\/hlthaff\.2010\.0314\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips159',tt_store_content,'20515','Massachusetts’ coverage expansion for parents cut the rate of uninsured children in half',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Khazan, Olga\. 2019\. “Some Immigrants Choose Between Foods Stamps and a Green Card\.”\<em\> The Atlantic\<\/em\>, April 25\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.theatlantic\.com\/health\/archive\/2019\/04\/trumps\-immigration\-proposal\-hurting\-immigrant\-health\/587908\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.theatlantic\.com\/health\/archive\/2019\/04\/trumps\-immigration\-proposal\-hurting\-immigrant\-health\/587908\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips160',tt_store_content,'20531','More and more, I’m having new parents decline, saying, ‘I’m not gonna sign up\.’”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Federal Bureau of Investigation\. “2017 Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted\.” Table 65\: Law Enforcement Officers Accidentally Killed by Type of Accident and Activity of Victim Officer at Time of Incident, 2013–2017, Table 28\: Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed by Type of Weapon, 2008–2017\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.fbi\.gov\/about\-us\/cjis\/ucr\/leoka'\>http\:\/\/www\.fbi\.gov\/about\-us\/cjis\/ucr\/leoka\<\/a\>\. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips161',tt_store_content,'20573','Guns killed twice as many children under 5 as law enforcement officers in the line of duty',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Caines, Roxy\. 2017\. “5 Ways the EITC Benefits Families, Communities, and the Country\.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. January 26\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/blog\/5\-ways\-the\-eitc\-benefits\-families\-communities\-and\-the\-country'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/blog\/5\-ways\-the\-eitc\-benefits\-families\-communities\-and\-the\-country\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips162',tt_store_content,'15757','Research shows a \$1\.50–\$2\.00 return to the economy for every EITC dollar a worker earns',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Greenstein, Robert, Elaine Maag, Chye\-Ching Huang, and Chloe Cho\. 2018\. “Improving the Child Tax Credit for Very Low\-Income Families,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Partnership on Mobility From Poverty\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.mobilitypartnership\.org\/improving\-child\-tax\-credit\-very\-low\-income\-families'\>https\:\/\/www\.mobilitypartnership\.org\/improving\-child\-tax\-credit\-very\-low\-income\-families\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips163',tt_store_content,'15758','A single parent with two children must earn almost \$30,000 to qualify for the full credit',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy\. 2017\. “The Final Trump\-GOP Tax Bill\: National &amp; 50 State Analysis,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/itep\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/Trump\-GOP\-Final\-Bill\-Report\.pdf' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/itep\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/Trump\-GOP\-Final\-Bill\-Report\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips164',tt_store_content,'15802','The top 20 percent of households are expected to receive \$225 billion in tax cuts in 2019',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Puzzanchera, Charles, Melissa Sickmund, and Anthony Sladky\. 2018\. “Youth Younger than 18 Prosecuted in Criminal Court\: National Estimate, 2015 Cases,” p\. 2\. Pittsburgh, PA\: Campaign for Youth Justice\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.campaignforyouthjustice\.org\/images\/Transfer\-estimate\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.campaignforyouthjustice\.org\/images\/Transfer\-estimate\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips165',tt_store_content,'20388','An estimated 76,000 children are prosecuted, sentenced or incarcerated as adults annually',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Reardon, Sean, Ericka Weathers, Erin Fahle, Heewon Jang, and Demetra Kalogrides\. 2019\. “Is Separate Still Unequal\? New Evidence on School Segregation and Racial Academic Achievement Gaps,” p\. 27\.  Stanford, CA\: Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/edopportunity\.org\/papers\/wp19\-06\-v092019\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/edopportunity\.org\/papers\/wp19\-06\-v092019\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips166',tt_store_content,'20401','No school district with moderate or high rates of segregation has a small achievement gap',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "2 Feeding America\. 2019\. “Map the Meal Gap 2019\: A Report on County and Congressional District Food Insecurity and County Food Cost in the United States in 2017,” p\. 35\. Chicago\: Feeding America\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.feedingamerica\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019\-05\/2017\-map\-the\-meal\-gap\-full\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.feedingamerica\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2019\-05\/2017\-map\-the\-meal\-gap\-full\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips167',tt_store_content,'20476','Yet more than 1 in 6 children—12\.5 million—lived in food\-insecure households in 2017,',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "García, Jorge Luis, James Heckman, Duncan Ermini Leaf, and Maria Jose Prado\. 2019\. “Quantifying The Life\-Cycle Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program\.” Chicago\: Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group\.  \<a href\='https\:\/\/hceconomics\.uchicago\.edu\/research\/working\-paper\/quantifying\-life\-cycle\-benefits\-influential\-early\-childhood\-program'\>https\:\/\/hceconomics\.uchicago\.edu\/research\/working\-paper\/quantifying\-life\-cycle\-benefits\-influential\-early\-childhood\-program\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips168',tt_store_content,'20488','quality early childhood programs of more than 13 percent a year for every dollar invested',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Shonkoff, Jack, Andrew Garner, and the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, and Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics\. 2012\. “The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress\.” \<em\>Pediatrics\<\/em\> 129\(1\)\: e232\-e234\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/pediatrics\.aappublications\.org\/content\/pediatrics\/129\/1\/e232\.full\.pdf'\> https\:\/\/pediatrics\.aappublications\.org\/content\/pediatrics\/129\/1\/e232\.full\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips169',tt_store_content,'20507','can cause “toxic stress” and interfere with the physical brain development of a child',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "CCF\. 2014\. “Medicaid Expansion\: Good for Parents and Children,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: CCF\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/ccf\.georgetown\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Expanding\-Coverage\-for\-Parents\-Helps\-Children\-2013\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/ccf\.georgetown\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Expanding\-Coverage\-for\-Parents\-Helps\-Children\-2013\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips170',tt_store_content,'20514','A child is eight times more likely to have public health insurance if their parent has it',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs\. 2019\. “OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book,” State Residential Placement Rates by Race\/Ethnicity, 2017\. https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/corrections\/qa08203\.asp\?qaDate\=2017"; toolTips('.classtoolTips171',tt_store_content,'20542','Black children were committed or detained at nearly five times the rate of white children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Schaefer, Jim and Tresa Baldas\. 2019\. “Inside the El Paso Shooting\: A Store Manager, A Frantic Father, Grateful Survivors\.” \<em\>USA Today\<\/em\>, August 10\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.usatoday\.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2019\/08\/10\/el\-paso\-shooting\-survivors\-recall\-panic\-terror\-time\-stopped\/1974322001\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.usatoday\.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2019\/08\/10\/el\-paso\-shooting\-survivors\-recall\-panic\-terror\-time\-stopped\/1974322001\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips172',tt_store_content,'20580','through the store, out a back door, past a street, up a hill and over a barrier to safety',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Congressional Budget Office, “Budget Outlook\.”"; toolTips('.classtoolTips173',tt_store_content,'15823','and it would save an average of \<strong\>\$190 billion\</strong\> a year for the next decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips174',tt_store_content,'15916','The Forbes 400 held more wealth than the bottom 64 percent of people in America combined',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Donovan, Sarah, Marc Labonte, and Joseph Dalaker\. 2016\. “The U\.S\. Income Distribution\: Trends and Issues,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: Congressional Research Service\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/fas\.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R44705\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/fas\.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R44705\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips175',tt_store_content,'20348','In 1975, the top 20 percent of Americans earned 10 times more than the bottom 20 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Inequality\.org\. 2019\. “Wealth Inequality in the United States\.”<br/>\<a href\='https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/facts\/wealth\-inequality\/'\>https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/facts\/wealth\-inequality\/\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips176',tt_store_content,'20356','hold as much wealth as the entire bottom half of Americans, more than 160 million people',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "National Conference of State Legislatures\. 2019\. “Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws\.” \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.ncsl\.org\/research\/civil\-and\-criminal\-justice\/juvenile\-age\-of\-jurisdiction\-and\-transfer\-to\-adult\-court\-laws\.aspx'\>http\:\/\/www\.ncsl\.org\/research\/civil\-and\-criminal\-justice\/juvenile\-age\-of\-jurisdiction\-and\-transfer\-to\-adult\-court\-laws\.aspx\<\/a\><br/>Zang, Angel\. 2017\. “U\.S\. Age Boundaries of Delinquency 2016\.” Pittsburgh, PA\: National Center for Juvenile Justice\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips177',tt_store_content,'20389','all states allow children charged with certain offenses to be prosecuted in adult courts',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Gould, Elise and Tanyell Cooke\. 2015\. “High Quality Child Care is Out of Reach for Working Families\.” Washington, DC\: Economic Policy Institute\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.epi\.org\/publication\/child\-care\-affordability'\>http\:\/\/www\.epi\.org\/publication\/child\-care\-affordability\<\/a\>\/\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips178',tt_store_content,'20493','child care costs exceeded rent for 81 percent of two\-parent, two\-child families surveyed',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\., Figure A\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips179',tt_store_content,'15739','It would be more than \$20\.00 today had it grown at the same rate as worker productivity',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "This participation rate may rise in the coming years\. In March 2018, Congress included a \$2\.37 billion increase for the CCDBG in its FY2018 omnibus spending bill—an historic investment\. This represents a critical opportunity for states to increase the availability of high\-quality child care\. Ullrich, Rebecca\. 2018\. “Leveraging Increased Resources to Advance Child Care\: Next Steps for States,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: The Center for Law and Social Policy\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.clasp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2018\/09\/Leveraging%20Increased%20Resources%20to%20Advance%20Child%20Care_0\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.clasp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2018\/09\/Leveraging%20Increased%20Resources%20to%20Advance%20Child%20Care_0\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips180',tt_store_content,'15766','only about 15 percent of all federally\-eligible children benefit due to limited funding',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Darling\-Hammond, Linda\. 2019\. “Investing for Student Success\: Lessons from State School Finance Reforms,” p\. v\. Palo Alto, CA\: Learning Policy Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/learningpolicyinstitute\.org\/product\/investing\-student\-success\-school\-finance\-reforms\-report'\>https\:\/\/learningpolicyinstitute\.org\/product\/investing\-student\-success\-school\-finance\-reforms\-report\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips181',tt_store_content,'20402','the wealthiest districts spent two to three times what poorer districts spent per pupil',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau\. 2019\. “The Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program\: Partnering with Parents to Help Children Succeed\.” Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/mchb\.hrsa\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/mchb\/MaternalChildHealthInitiatives\/HomeVisiting\/pdf\/programbrief\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/mchb\.hrsa\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/mchb\/MaternalChildHealthInitiatives\/HomeVisiting\/pdf\/programbrief\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips182',tt_store_content,'20492','\(MIECHV\) served only a small portion of at\-risk parents and children across the country',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Campaign for Youth Justice\. 2018\. “Let’s Get Children Out of Adult Courts, Jails, and Prisons\.” Washington, DC\: Campaign for Youth Justice\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.campaignforyouthjustice\.org\/images\/factsheets\/Basic_Facts_FINAL\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.campaignforyouthjustice\.org\/images\/factsheets\/Basic_Facts_FINAL\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips183',tt_store_content,'20554','more likely to suffer permanent trauma and are five times more likely to die by suicide',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Amnesty International\. 2019\. “No Home for Children\: The Homestead ‘Temporary Emergency’ Facility\.” London, UK\: Amnesty International\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.amnesty\.org\/download\/Documents\/AMR5107142019ENGLISH\.PDF'\>https\:\/\/www\.amnesty\.org\/download\/Documents\/AMR5107142019ENGLISH\.PDF\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips184',tt_store_content,'20556','bear the markers of the prison industrial complex as opposed to community\-centered care',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Feeding America, “Child Food Insecurity\.”"; toolTips('.classtoolTips185',tt_store_content,'15686','Food insecurity threatens children’s health, ability to learn and path to adulthood',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Chetty, Raj, David Grusky, Maximilian Hell, Nathaniel Hendren, Robert Manduca, and Jimmy Narang\. 2017\. “The Fading American Dream\: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility since 1940\.” Washington, DC\: Washington Center for Equitable Growth\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w22910'\>https\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/papers\/w22910\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips186',tt_store_content,'20351','may make less money than their parents and income inequality may worsen going forward',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Atwell, Matthew and Robert Balfanz\. 2019\. “Building a Grad Nation\: Progress and Challenge in Raising High School Graduation Rates\. Annual Update 2019,” p\. 22\. Baltimore\: Civic and Everyone Graduates Center at the School of Education at Johns Hopkins University\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/new\.every1graduates\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/2019_BuildingaGradNation_FINAL\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/new\.every1graduates\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/2019_BuildingaGradNation_FINAL\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips187',tt_store_content,'20406','A youth who experiences homelessness is 87 percent more likely to drop out of school\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Morton, Matthew, Amy Dworsky, and Gina Samuels\. 2017\. “Missed Opportunities\: Youth Homelessness in America\. National Estimates,” p\. 5\. Chicago\: Voices of Youth Count and University of Chicago, Chapin Hall\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/voicesofyouthcount\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ChapinHall_VoYC_NationalReport_Final\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/voicesofyouthcount\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ChapinHall_VoYC_NationalReport_Final\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips188',tt_store_content,'20464','4\.2 million teens and young adults experienced homelessness over the course of a year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau\. 2019\. “The AFCARS Report,” p\. 1\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips189',tt_store_content,'20382','About a third of all children in foster care \(32 percent\) are placed with a relative',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Saltzman, Linda, James Mercy, Patrick O’Carroll, Mark Rosenberg, and Philip Rhodes\. 1992\. “Weapon Involvement and Injury Outcomes in Family and Intimate Assaults\.” \<em\>Journal of the American Medical Association\<\/em\> 267\(22\)\: 3043\-3047\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pubmed\/1588718'\>https\:\/\/www\.ncbi\.nlm\.nih\.gov\/pubmed\/1588718\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips190',tt_store_content,'20577','The use of a gun in family or intimate assaults increased the risk of death 12 times',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fernandez, Manny and Tamir Kalifa\. 2019\. “88 Days of Recovery\: How a Girls’ Soccer Team Healed a Broken Coach\.” \<em\>New York Times\<\/em\>, November 20\.   \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/2019\/11\/20\/us\/el\-paso\-shooting\-survivors\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/2019\/11\/20\/us\/el\-paso\-shooting\-survivors\.html\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips191',tt_store_content,'20581','When teammate Emylee heard a door slam at school the other day, she started running',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Henry, Meghan, Rian Watt, Lily Rosenthal, and Azim Shivji\. 2017\. “The 2017 Annual Homeless Assessment Report \(AHAR\) to Congress,” p\. 8\. Washington, DC\: The U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2017\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2017\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips192',tt_store_content,'15688','On a single night in January 2017, about 115,000 children were homeless in America',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "De Nike, Moira, Randall Shelden, Daniel Macallair, and Renee Menart\. 2019\. “Collaborating for Successful Reentry\: A Practical Guide to Support Justice\-Involved Young People Returning to the Community,” p\. 19\-20\. San Francisco, CA\: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cjcj\.org\/uploads\/cjcj\/documents\/collaborating_for_successful_reentry_juvenile_justice_practical_guide\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.cjcj\.org\/uploads\/cjcj\/documents\/collaborating_for_successful_reentry_juvenile_justice_practical_guide\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips193',tt_store_content,'20411','Approximately 2 in 3 drop out of school after exiting the juvenile justice system\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Yoshikawa, et al\. 2013\. “Investing in Our Future,” p\. 1\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips194',tt_store_content,'20491','large preschool programs in Boston and Tulsa have shown similarly positive results',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "National Center for Homeless Education\. 2019\. “Federal Data Summary School Years 2014\-15 to 2016\-17\: Education for Homeless Children and Youth,” Table 3\. Browns Summit, NC\: National Center for Homeless Education \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/nche\.ed\.gov\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Federal\-Data\-Summary\-SY\-14\.15\-to\-16\.17\-Final\-Published\-2\.12\.19\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/nche\.ed\.gov\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Federal\-Data\-Summary\-SY\-14\.15\-to\-16\.17\-Final\-Published\-2\.12\.19\.pdf\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips195',tt_store_content,'15689','Nearly 1\.4 million homeless children were enrolled in public schools in 2016\-2017',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "National Center for Homeless Education\. 2019\. “Federal Data Summary School Years 2014\-15 to 2016\-17,” p\. 15\. Brown’s Summit, NC\: National Center for Homeless Education\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/nche\.ed\.gov\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Federal\-Data\-Summary\-SY\-14\.15\-to\-16\.17\-Final\-Published\-2\.12\.19\.pdf'\> https\:\/\/nche\.ed\.gov\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Federal\-Data\-Summary\-SY\-14\.15\-to\-16\.17\-Final\-Published\-2\.12\.19\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips196',tt_store_content,'20462','Nearly four percent were unsheltered, often living in abandoned buildings or cars',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Friedman\-Krauss, Allison, W\. Steven Barnett, Karin Garver, Katherine Hodges, G\.G\. Weisenfeld, and Nicole DiCrecchio\. 2019\. “The State of Preschool 2018\: State Preschool Yearbook,” p\. 7\. New Brunswick, NJ\: National Institute for Early Education Research\.<br/>\<a href\='http\:\/\/nieer\.org\/state\-preschool\-yearbooks\/2018\-2'\>http\:\/\/nieer\.org\/state\-preschool\-yearbooks\/2018\-2\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips197',tt_store_content,'20501','especially the poorest and most vulnerable, have access to high quality preschool',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Kaiser Family Foundation\. 2019\. “Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion Decision, as of September 20, 2019\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.kff\.org\/health\-reform\/state\-indicator\/state\-activity\-around\-expanding\-medicaid\-under\-the\-affordable\-care\-act\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.kff\.org\/health\-reform\/state\-indicator\/state\-activity\-around\-expanding\-medicaid\-under\-the\-affordable\-care\-act\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips198',tt_store_content,'20516','Medicaid to very low\-income parents and adults under the ACA’s expansion option',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "National Center For Homeless Education\. 2019\. “Federal Data Summary School Years 2014\-15 to 2016\-17\: Education for Homeless Children and Youth,” Table 3\. Browns Summit, NC\: National Center for Homeless Education\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/nche\.ed\.gov\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Federal\-Data\-Summary\-SY\-14\.15\-to\-16\.17\-Final\-Published\-2\.12\.19\.pdf'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/nche\.ed\.gov\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Federal\-Data\-Summary\-SY\-14\.15\-to\-16\.17\-Final\-Published\-2\.12\.19\.pdf\<\/u\>\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips199',tt_store_content,'15788','the most recent available data from the National Center for Education Statistics',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "KIDS COUNT Data Center\. 2019\. “Children Living in Households with a High Housing Cost Burden in the United States\.” Baltimore\: Annie E\. Casey Foundation\. Updated March 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/tables\/7244\-children\-living\-in\-households\-with\-a\-high\-housing\-cost\-burden'\>https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/tables\/7244\-children\-living\-in\-households\-with\-a\-high\-housing\-cost\-burden\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips200',tt_store_content,'20443','Nearly 1 in 3 children \(31 percent\) live in households burdened by housing costs',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Eagly, Ingrid, Steven Shafer, and Jana Whalley\. 2018\. “Detaining Families\: A Study of Asylum Adjudication in Family Detention,” p\. 8\. Washington, DC\: American Immigration Council\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.americanimmigrationcouncil\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/detaining_families_a_study_of_asylum_adjudication_in_family_detention_final\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.americanimmigrationcouncil\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/detaining_families_a_study_of_asylum_adjudication_in_family_detention_final\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips201',tt_store_content,'20504','with family detention capacity increasing by 3,400 percent between 2001 and 2016',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation\. 2017\. \<em\>Estimated Budget Effects of the Conference Agreement for H\.R\. 1\<\/em\>, the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” p\. 8\. 115th Cong\., 1st sess\., 2017\. Publication JCX\-67\-17\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.jct\.gov\/publications\.html\?func\=select&amp;id\=76' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\> \<u\>https\:\/\/www\.jct\.gov\/publications\.html\?func\=select&amp;id\=76\<\/u\>\<\/a\> \(select JCX\-67\-17 from list\)\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips202',tt_store_content,'15817','In 2019 alone, these changes to the tax code are projected to cost \$280 billion',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Collins, Chuck, Darrick Hamilton, Dedrick Asante\-Muhammad, and Josh Hoxie\. 2019\. “Ten Solutions to Bridge the Racial Wealth Divide,” p\. 8\. Washington, DC\: Institute for Policy Studies\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/ips\-dc\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Ten\-Solutions\-to\-Bridge\-the\-Racial\-Wealth\-Divide\-FINAL\-\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/ips\-dc\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Ten\-Solutions\-to\-Bridge\-the\-Racial\-Wealth\-Divide\-FINAL\-\.pdf\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips203',tt_store_content,'20355','the proportion of households with zero or negative net worth grew by 37 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Gowan, Peter and Ryan Cooper\. 2017\. “Social Housing in the United States,” p\. 5\-7\. People’s Policy Project\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.peoplespolicyproject\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/SocialHousing\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.peoplespolicyproject\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/SocialHousing\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips204',tt_store_content,'20441','nine million new households entered the rental marketplace over the past decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center for Budget and Policy Priorities,” Policy Basics\: EITC,” pp\. 2\-3\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips205',tt_store_content,'15755','The EITC improves the lives of children, their families and their communities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Khazan, Olga\. 2019\. “Some Immigrants Choose Between Foods Stamps and a Green Card\.”\<em\> The Atlantic\<\/em\>, April 25\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.theatlantic\.com\/health\/archive\/2019\/04\/trumps\-immigration\-proposal\-hurting\-immigrant\-health\/587908\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.theatlantic\.com\/health\/archive\/2019\/04\/trumps\-immigration\-proposal\-hurting\-immigrant\-health\/587908\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips206',tt_store_content,'20532','‘We don’t have food stamps\.\.\.so they didn’t have breakfast today\.’”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Joint Committee on Taxation, \<em\>Estimated Budget Effects for H\.R\.1\. \<\/em\>, p\. 8\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips207',tt_store_content,'15822','Repealing the 2017 tax bill would save \<strong\>\$280 billion\</strong\> in 2019',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Shapiro, Eliza\. 2019\. “114,000 Students in NYC are Homeless\. These Two Let Us Into Their Lives\.” \<i\>New York Times\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>, November 19\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/interactive\/2019\/11\/19\/nyregion\/student\-homelessness\-nyc\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/interactive\/2019\/11\/19\/nyregion\/student\-homelessness\-nyc\.html\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips208',tt_store_content,'20293','Darnell, who sees the light from the rising sun and knows something is wrong',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. House of Representatives, Judiciary Committee Immigration and Citizenship Subcommittee\. \<em\>Oversight of the Trump Administration’s Border Policies and the Relationship Between Anti\-Immigrant Rhetoric and Domestic Terrorism\<\/em\>\. 116th Cong\., 1st sess\., Sept\. 6, 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/judiciary\.house\.gov\/legislation\/hearings\/oversight\-trump\-administration\-s\-border\-policies\-and\-relationship\-between\-anti'\>https\:\/\/judiciary\.house\.gov\/legislation\/hearings\/oversight\-trump\-administration\-s\-border\-policies\-and\-relationship\-between\-anti\<\/a\>; U\.S House of Representatives, Judiciary Committee Immigration and Citizenship Subcommittee\. \<em\>Oversight of the Trump Administration’s Border Policies and the Relationship Between Anti\-Immigrant Rhetoric and Domestic Terrorism\<\/em\>\. Testimony of Jo Anne Bernal of the El Paso County Attorney’s Office\. 116th Congress, 1st sess\., Sept\. 6, 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/docs\.house\.gov\/meetings\/JU\/JU01\/20190906\/109889\/HHRG\-116\-JU01\-Wstate\-BernalJ\-20190906\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/docs\.house\.gov\/meetings\/JU\/JU01\/20190906\/109889\/HHRG\-116\-JU01\-Wstate\-BernalJ\-20190906\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips209',tt_store_content,'20582','This simply should not be the role of government or its leaders,” she said',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>KIDS COUNT Data Center\. 2019\. “Children in Immigrant Families For the Nation \(Number &amp; Percent\);” “Children in Immigrant Families in Which Resident Parents Are Not U\.S\. Citizens for the Nation \(Number &amp; Percent\);” and “Children in Immigrant Families By State \(Number &amp; Percent\)\.” Baltimore\: Annie E\. Casey Foundation\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/'\>https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips210',tt_store_content,'20748','Immigrant families live in every state but more than half live in California',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "National Institute for Children’s Health Quality\. “Treating the Opioid Epidemic as a Children’s Health Crisis\.” Accessed December 19, 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nichq\.org\/insight\/treating\-opioid\-epidemic\-childrens\-health\-crisis'\>https\:\/\/www\.nichq\.org\/insight\/treating\-opioid\-epidemic\-childrens\-health\-crisis\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips211',tt_store_content,'20316','was never able to access the intensive services that would help her recover',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Svajlenka, Nicole Prchal\. 2019\.“What We Know About DACA Recipients in the United States\.” Center for American Progress\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.americanprogress\.org\/issues\/immigration\/news\/2019\/09\/05\/474177\/know\-daca\-recipients\-united\-states\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.americanprogress\.org\/issues\/immigration\/news\/2019\/09\/05\/474177\/know\-daca\-recipients\-united\-states\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips212',tt_store_content,'20372','More than 250,000 children have at least one parent who is a DACA recipient',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Jan, Tracy\. 2019\. “Trump Proposal Would Evict Undocumented Immigrants from Public Housing\.” \<em\>Washington Post\<\/em\>, April 18\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/business\/2019\/04\/18\/trump\-proposal\-would\-evict\-undocumented\-immigrants\-public\-housing\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/business\/2019\/04\/18\/trump\-proposal\-would\-evict\-undocumented\-immigrants\-public\-housing\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips213',tt_store_content,'20466','their mixed status and any family members who are ineligible for assistance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Coleman\-Jensen, Alisa, Matthew Rabbitt, Christian Gregory, and Anita Singh\. 2019\. “Household Food Security in the United States in 2018\.” Table 8\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/94849\/err\-270\.pdf\?v\=963\.1'\>https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/94849\/err\-270\.pdf\?v\=963\.1\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips214',tt_store_content,'20526','Nearly half of all families receiving SNAP in 2018 were still food\-insecure',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Colby and Ortman\. 2015\. “Projections,” p\. 6\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips215',tt_store_content,'20291','there will be more seniors \(22 percent\) than children \(21 percent\) by 2040',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Inequality\.org\. 2019\. “Income Inequality in the United States\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/facts\/income\-inequality\/'\>https\:\/\/inequality\.org\/facts\/income\-inequality\/\<\/a\>\. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips216',tt_store_content,'20349','earns about 188 times more than an average earner in the bottom 90 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Weinberg, Jacob\. 2018\. “Policy Memo\: The East TN Immigration Raid and Adverse Childhood Experiences\.” Nashville, TN\: Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.tnimmigrant\.org\/news\/2018\/4\/12\/policy\-memo\-the\-east\-tn\-immigration\-raid\-and\-adverse\-childhood\-experiences'\>https\:\/\/www\.tnimmigrant\.org\/news\/2018\/4\/12\/policy\-memo\-the\-east\-tn\-immigration\-raid\-and\-adverse\-childhood\-experiences\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips217',tt_store_content,'20384','more than 300 parents of approximately 700 children in the small community',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development\. Proposed Rule\. 2019\. “Housing and Community Development Act of 1980\: Verification of Eligible Status\.” \<em\>Federal Register \<\/em\>84, no\. 91 \(May 10\)\: 20589\-20595\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.federalregister\.gov\/documents\/2019\/05\/10\/2019\-09566\/housing\-and\-community\-development\-act\-of\-1980\-verification\-of\-eligible\-status'\>https\:\/\/www\.federalregister\.gov\/documents\/2019\/05\/10\/2019\-09566\/housing\-and\-community\-development\-act\-of\-1980\-verification\-of\-eligible\-status\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips218',tt_store_content,'20469','deny housing assistance to families with even a single undocumented member',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development\. 2019\. “Regulatory Impact Analysis of Housing and Comment Development Act of 1980\: Verification of Eligible Status Proposed Rule \(\(Docket No\. FR\-6124\-P\-01\),” p\.6\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.regulations\.gov\/document\?D\=HUD\-2019\-0044\-0002'\>https\:\/\/www\.regulations\.gov\/document\?D\=HUD\-2019\-0044\-0002\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips219',tt_store_content,'20471','More than 108,000 people could lose their homes, including 55,000 children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Karp, Aaron\. 2018\. “Estimating Global Civilian\-Held Firearms Numbers,” p\. 4\. Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.smallarmssurvey\.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/T\-Briefing\-Papers\/SAS\-BP\-Civilian\-Firearms\-Numbers\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.smallarmssurvey\.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/T\-Briefing\-Papers\/SAS\-BP\-Civilian\-Firearms\-Numbers\.pdf\<\/a\>; Small Arms Survey\. 2018\. 'Global Firearms Holding Dynamic Map\.' Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.smallarmssurvey\.org\/weapons\-and\-markets\/tools\/global\-firearms\-holdings\.html'\>http\:\/\/www\.smallarmssurvey\.org\/weapons\-and\-markets\/tools\/global\-firearms\-holdings\.html\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips220',tt_store_content,'20574','American civilians own 393 million firearms—more than one gun per person',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Elsasser Watson, Nicole, Barry Steffen, Marge Martin, and David Vandenbroucke\. 2017\. “Worst Case Housing Needs\: 2017 Report to Congress,” Table A\-7\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Community Planning and Development\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.huduser\.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Worst\-Case\-Housing\-Needs\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.huduser\.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/Worst\-Case\-Housing\-Needs\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips221',tt_store_content,'20447','5\.9 million children live in families with “worst\-case housing needs”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "10 Katch, Hannah, Jesse Cross\-Call, and Matt Broaddus\. 2019\. “Frequently Asked Questions about Medicaid,” p\. 9\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/research\/health\/frequently\-asked\-questions\-about\-medicaid'\>http\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/research\/health\/frequently\-asked\-questions\-about\-medicaid\<\/a\>; Haley, Jennifer, Genevieve Kenney, Robin Wang, Clare Pan, Victoria Lynch, and Matthew Buettgens\. 2018\. “Uninsurance and Medicaid\/CHIP Participation among Children and Parents,” p\. 1; p\. 19\. Washington, DC\: Urban Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/99058\/uninsurance_and_medicaidchip_participation_among_children_and_parents_updated_1\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/99058\/uninsurance_and_medicaidchip_participation_among_children_and_parents_updated_1\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips222',tt_store_content,'20513','to impose work requirements that push vulnerable families off of coverage',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Attanasio, Cedar, Garance Burke, and Martha Mendoza\. 2019\. “Attorneys\: Texas Border Facility is Neglecting Migrant Kids\.” \<em\>Associated Press\<\/em\>, June 21\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/apnews\.com\/46da2dbe04f54adbb875cfbc06bbc615'\>https\:\/\/apnews\.com\/46da2dbe04f54adbb875cfbc06bbc615\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips223',tt_store_content,'20517','unhealthy conditions at processing and detention facilities at the border',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "KIDS COUNT Data Center\. 2019\. “Children in Low\-Income Households with a High Housing Cost Burden in the United States\.” Baltimore\: Annie E\. Casey Foundation\. Updated April 2019\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/tables\/71\-children\-in\-low\-income\-households\-with\-a\-high\-housing\-cost\-burden'\>https\:\/\/datacenter\.kidscount\.org\/data\/tables\/71\-children\-in\-low\-income\-households\-with\-a\-high\-housing\-cost\-burden\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips224',tt_store_content,'20445','Sixty\-one percent of children in low\-income households are rent burdened',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Care\. 2019\. “FY2019 Administration for Children and Families Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees,” p\. 124\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/olab\/acf_master_cj_acf_final_3_19_0\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.acf\.hhs\.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/olab\/acf_master_cj_acf_final_3_19_0\.pdf\<\/a\>; U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2019\. “Current Population Survey, 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,” Table POV\-34\. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips225',tt_store_content,'20499','Head Start served only 50 percent of eligible 3\- and 4\-year\-olds in 2018',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Urban Institute\. 2018\. “Public Spending on Children in Five Charts\.” July 18\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/apps\.urban\.org\/features\/public\-spending\-on\-children\/\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/apps\.urban\.org\/features\/public\-spending\-on\-children\/\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips226',tt_store_content,'15803','the federal government invested in all 73\.7 million children in America',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service\. 2017\. “USDA Announces Summer EBT Grants; Includes New States, Rural Communities\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.fns\.usda\.gov\/pressrelease\/2017\/006617'\>https\:\/\/www\.fns\.usda\.gov\/pressrelease\/2017\/006617\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips227',tt_store_content,'20521','significantly reduce very low food security among children by one\-third',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "However, the amount of child support a non\-custodial parent pays is deducted from the income of the non\-custodial income\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips228',tt_store_content,'15795','The SNAP program does not include a disregard for child support income',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Fox, Liana\. 2019\. “The Supplemental Poverty Measure\: 2018,” Table A\-7\. Suitland, MD\:  U\.S\. Census Bureau\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-268\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-268\.pdf\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips229',tt_store_content,'20302','In 2018, 4\.7 million children were lifted out of poverty with the help',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Kelman, Brett and Mike Reicher\. 2019\. “At Least 220,000 Tennessee Kids Faced Loss of Health Insurance Due to Lacking Paperwork\.” \<em\>Tennessean\<\/em\>, July 15\.  \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.tennessean\.com\/story\/news\/investigations\/2019\/07\/14\/tenncare\-coverkids\-medicaid\-children\-application\-insurance\-denied\/1387769001\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.tennessean\.com\/story\/news\/investigations\/2019\/07\/14\/tenncare\-coverkids\-medicaid\-children\-application\-insurance\-denied\/1387769001\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips230',tt_store_content,'20450','five\-year\-old Abel Sewell of Chattanooga, TN was finally leukemia\-free',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Protecting Immigrant Families\. “The PIF Campaign\.” National Immigration Law Center and Center for Law and Social Policy\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/protectingimmigrantfamilies\.org\/about\-us\/'\>https\:\/\/protectingimmigrantfamilies\.org\/about\-us\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips231',tt_store_content,'20530','so too is the fight against the chill on the ground and in communities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "CDC\. 2015\. “Vital Statistics in the United States,” 1963\-1967\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/nchs\/products\/vsus\.htm'\>http\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/nchs\/products\/vsus\.htm\<\/a\>; CDC\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death,” Compressed Mortality File, Mortality for 1968\-1978 and Mortality for 1979\-1998\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/mortsql\.html'\>https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/mortsql\.html\<\/a\>; CDC\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death, 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html'\>https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html\<\/a\>; U\.S\. Department of Defense\. 2019\. “Conflict Casualties\.” Accessed using Defense Casualty Analysis System\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/dcas\.dmdc\.osd\.mil\/dcas\/pages\/casualties\.xhtml'\>https\:\/\/dcas\.dmdc\.osd\.mil\/dcas\/pages\/casualties\.xhtml\<\/a\><br/>Note\: Data represents soldiers killed in action on the battlefield as of September 16, 2019\. Estimates do not include soldiers who died of wounds or suffered non\-hostile deaths\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips232',tt_store_content,'20562','186,239 children and teens have been killed with guns on American soil',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips233',tt_store_content,'15740','However, the federal minimum wage has stagnated at \$7\.25 for a decade',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Rudowitz, Robin, Samantha Artiga, and Rachel Arguello\. 2014\. “Children’s Health Coverage\: Medicaid, CHIP, and the ACA,” Figure 3\. San Francisco, CA\: Kaiser Family Foundation\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.kff\.org\/health\-reform\/issue\-brief\/childrens\-health\-coverage\-medicaid\-chip\-and\-the\-aca\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.kff\.org\/health\-reform\/issue\-brief\/childrens\-health\-coverage\-medicaid\-chip\-and\-the\-aca\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips234',tt_store_content,'20600','more likely to be covered by Medicaid and CHIP than private insurance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid at Table 6\-2, Children Who Received Postresponse Services, 2018\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips235',tt_store_content,'20374','Nearly 40 percent of victims received no post\-investigation services',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Jimenez, Laura and Antoinette Flores\. 2019\. “3 Ways DeVos Has Put Students At Risk by Deregulating Education\.” Washington, DC\: Center for American Progress\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.americanprogress\.org\/issues\/education\-k\-12\/reports\/2019\/05\/30\/470509\/3\-ways\-devos\-put\-students\-risk\-deregulating\-education\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.americanprogress\.org\/issues\/education\-k\-12\/reports\/2019\/05\/30\/470509\/3\-ways\-devos\-put\-students\-risk\-deregulating\-education\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips236',tt_store_content,'20405','In 2019, the Department of Education rescinded a 2014 joint guidance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips237',tt_store_content,'15840','Citigroup is avoiding \<strong\>\$13\.1 billion\</strong\> in U\.S\. taxes,',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Chien, Nina\. 2019\. “Estimates of Child Care Eligibility and Receipt for Fiscal Year 2016,” p\. 2\.  Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Health and Human Services\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/aspe\.hhs\.gov\/system\/files\/pdf\/262926\/CY2016\-Child\-Care\-Subsidy\-Eligibility\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/aspe\.hhs\.gov\/system\/files\/pdf\/262926\/CY2016\-Child\-Care\-Subsidy\-Eligibility\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips238',tt_store_content,'20495','currently serves just 15 percent of all federally\-eligible children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cooper, Harris, Ashley Batts Allen, Erika Patall, and Amy Dent\. 2010\. “Effects of Full\-Day Kindergarten on Academic Achievement and Social Development\.” \<em\>Review of Educational Research\<\/em\> 80\(1\)\: 34\-70; Hahn, Robert, Veda Rammohan, Benedict Truman, Bobby Milstein, et al\. 2014\. “Effects of Full\-Day Kindergarten on the Long\-Term Health Prospects of Children in Low\-Income and Racial\/Ethnic Minority Populations\.” \<em\>American Journal of Preventive Medicine\<\/em\> 46\(3\)\: 312\-323\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips239',tt_store_content,'20503','have better academic outcomes than their peers in half\-day programs',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips240',tt_store_content,'15752','Decades of research confirm it encourages work and boosts earnings',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Ibid at p\. 14\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips241',tt_store_content,'20353','the share held by the bottom 90 percent fell from 33 to 23 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sickmund, Melissa, T\.J\. Sladky, Wei Kang, and Charles Puzzanchera\. 2019\. “Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement\.” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/ezacjrp\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/ezacjrp\/\<\/a\>\. Note\: U\.S\. and State Profiles were filtered by Year of Census \(2017\) and Age on Census Date by Sex\. Additional calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips242',tt_store_content,'20546','Eighty\-five percent of children in residential placement were male',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Office of Special Education Programs\. 2015\. “Improving Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities in Juvenile Corrections\: Educational Practices\.” Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Education\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/osepideasthatwork\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/JJ\-TIB\-EducationalPractices\-508\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/osepideasthatwork\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/JJ\-TIB\-13 12 EducationalPractices\-508\.pdf \<\/a\>; Council of State Governments Justice Center\. 2015\. “Locked Out\: Improving Educational and Vocational Outcomes for Incarcerated Youth,” p\. 1\. New York\: Council of State Governments Justice Center\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/csgjusticecenter\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/LOCKED_OUT_Improving_Educational_and_Vocational_Outcomes_for_Incarcerated_Youth\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/csgjusticecenter\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/LOCKED_OUT_Improving_Educational_and_Vocational_Outcomes_for_Incarcerated_Youth\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips243',tt_store_content,'20547','Less than half receive special education services while in custody',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Karp, Aaron\. 2018\. “Estimating Global,” p\. 4\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips244',tt_store_content,'20576','but own nearly half \(46 percent\) of all civilian guns in the world',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ratcliffe, Caroline and Emma Cancian Kalish\. 2017\. “Escaping Poverty,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: US Partnership on Mobility from Poverty\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.mobilitypartnership\.org\/publications\/escaping\-poverty'\>\<u\>https\:\/\/www\.mobilitypartnership\.org\/publications\/escaping\-poverty\<\/u\>\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips245',tt_store_content,'15675','more than 1 in 10 spend at least half their childhoods in poverty',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>Wright Edelman, Marian\. 2018\. “Their Lives and Futures Remain on Hold\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>Children’s Defense Fund Child Watch Column\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>, March 9\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childrensdefense\.org\/child\-watch\-columns\/health\/2018\/their\-lives\-and\-futures\-remain\-on\-hold\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.childrensdefense\.org\/child\-watch\-columns\/health\/2018\/their\-lives\-and\-futures\-remain\-on\-hold\/\<\/a\>; Sanchez, Claudio\. 2018\. “Nearly 9,000 DACA Teachers Face an Uncertain Future\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>NPR\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>, January 28\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.npr\.org\/sections\/ed\/2018\/01\/29\/579682676\/nearly\-9\-000\-daca\-teachers\-face\-an\-uncertain\-future'\>https\:\/\/www\.npr\.org\/sections\/ed\/2018\/01\/29\/579682676\/nearly\-9\-000\-daca\-teachers\-face\-an\-uncertain\-future\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips246',tt_store_content,'20368','students pursuing college degrees and educators teaching the ABCs',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \(CDC\)\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death, 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. Accessed using CDC WONDER Online Database\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html'\>https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html\<\/a\>\. Note\: All data are for children and teens ages 0\-19 and exclude deaths for interactions with law enforcement\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips247',tt_store_content,'20560','nine children and teens were killed with guns each day in America',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Phillips et al\., “Offshore Shell Games,” p\. 2\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips248',tt_store_content,'15839','Apple is avoiding \<strong\>\$76\.7 billion\</strong\> in U\.S\. taxes',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Census Bureau, Population Division\. 2019\. “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States and States\: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018\.” 2018 Population Estimates\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/newsroom\/press\-kits\/2019\/detailed\-estimates\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/newsroom\/press\-kits\/2019\/detailed\-estimates\.html\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips249',tt_store_content,'20287','Children of color made up 49\.7 percent of all children in 2018',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fox, Liana\. 2019\. “The Supplemental Poverty Measure\: 2018,” Table A\-7\. Suitland, MD\: U\.S\. Census Bureau\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-268\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-268\.html\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips250',tt_store_content,'20524','SNAP lifted nearly 1\.4 million children out of poverty in 2018',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "FRAC\. 2017\. “The Role of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in Improving Health and Well\-Being,” p\. 4\-5\. Washington, DC\: FRAC\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/hunger\-health\-role\-snap\-improving\-health\-well\-being\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/hunger\-health\-role\-snap\-improving\-health\-well\-being\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips251',tt_store_content,'20523','SNAP participation is associated with educational advancement',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cronquist and Lauffer\. 2019\. “Characteristics,” Table A\.3\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\-files\/Characteristics2018\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\-files\/Characteristics2018\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips252',tt_store_content,'20527','3\.8 million households had no income except for SNAP benefits',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Voytko, Lisette\. 2019\. “Trump Administration Won’t Renew Contract For Notorious Child Migrant Facility\.” \<em\>Forbes\<\/em\>, October 28\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.forbes\.com\/sites\/lisettevoytko\/2019\/10\/28\/hhs\-wont\-renew\-contract\-for\-notorious\-child\-migrant\-facility\/#2140e90d3a92'\>https\:\/\/www\.forbes\.com\/sites\/lisettevoytko\/2019\/10\/28\/hhs\-wont\-renew\-contract\-for\-notorious\-child\-migrant\-facility\/#2140e90d3a92\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips253',tt_store_content,'20550','retain access to Homestead in case of “temporary influx\.”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Defense\. 2018\. “DOD begins fiscal year with funding for first time in 10 years\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/dod\.defense\.gov\/News\/News\-Releases\/News\-Release\-View\/Article\/1648774\/dod\-begins\-fiscal\-year\-with\-funding\-for\-first\-time\-in\-10\-years\/\.' target\='_blank' rel\='noopener noreferrer'\>https\:\/\/dod\.defense\.gov\/News\/News\-Releases\/News\-Release\-View\/Article\/1648774\/dod\-begins\-fiscal\-year\-with\-funding\-for\-first\-time\-in\-10\-years\/\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips254',tt_store_content,'15799','in 2018 they approved a 2019 military budget of \$686 billion',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Ibid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips255',tt_store_content,'15841','Nike is avoiding \<strong\>\$4\.1 billion\</strong\> in U\.S\. taxes',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2019\. “Wealth, Asset Ownership, &amp; Debt of Households Detailed Tables\: 2015,” Table 1, Medial Value of Assets for Households, by Type of Asset Owned and Selected Characteristics\: 2015\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/2015\/demo\/wealth\/wealth\-asset\-ownership\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/data\/tables\/2015\/demo\/wealth\/wealth\-asset\-ownership\.html\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips256',tt_store_content,'20359','The median net worth of white families \(\$139,300\) was almost',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Carpenter, Zoe\. 2018\. “Families Separated, Jobs Lost and Towns in Turmoil\: How a Quiet Corner of Eastern Tennessee was Turned Upside Down by Trump’s Immigration Forces\.” \<em\>Rolling Stone\<\/em\>, December 17\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.rollingstone\.com\/politics\/politics\-features\/ice\-raid\-tennessee\-769293\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.rollingstone\.com\/politics\/politics\-features\/ice\-raid\-tennessee\-769293\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips257',tt_store_content,'20385','“We’ll end up with 20\-plus kids if something happens,”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sickmund, Melissa, T\.J\. Sladky, Wei Kang, and Charles Puzzanchera\. 2019\. “Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement\.” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention\.\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/ezacjrp\/'\> https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/ezacjrp\/\<\/a\>\.<br/>Note\: National Crosstabs selection criteria included Year of Census \(2017\) and Facility Self\-Classification \(Detention Center and Long\-term Secure\)\. Additional calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips258',tt_store_content,'20387','Nearly 2 in 3 were placed in the most restrictive facilities',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Congressional Budget Office, “Budget Outlook,”p\.106\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips259',tt_store_content,'15818','Over the coming decade, the changes will cost \$1\.9 trillion',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Camera, Lauren\. 2019\. “The High Costs of Undercounting\.” U\.S\. News, June 7\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.usnews\.com\/news\/the\-report\/articles\/2019\-06\-07\/educators\-worry\-a\-census\-citizenship\-question\-would\-lead\-to\-less\-funding'\>https\:\/\/www\.usnews\.com\/news\/the\-report\/articles\/2019\-06\-07\/educators\-worry\-a\-census\-citizenship\-question\-would\-lead\-to\-less\-funding\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips260',tt_store_content,'20252','undercount would be detrimental to the resources we receive',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Semega, Jessica, Melissa Kollar, John Creamer, and Abinash Mohanty\. 2019\. “Income and Poverty in the United States\: 2018,” p\. 1\. Suitland, MD\: U\.S\. Census Bureau\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-266\.pdf\.'\>https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60\-266\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips261',tt_store_content,'20346','In 2018, median household income stayed near its 2017 level',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "FRAC\. 2018\. “Research Brief\: The Connections Between Food Insecurity, the Federal Nutrition Programs, and Student Behavior\.” Washington, DC\: FRAC\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/breakfast\-for\-behavior\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/breakfast\-for\-behavior\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips262',tt_store_content,'20498','show improved behavior, attendance and academic performance',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Stone, Chad, Danilo Trisi, Arloc Sherman, and Roderick Taylor\. 2020\. “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality,” p\. 14\. Washington, DC\: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/research\/poverty\-and\-inequality\/a\-guide\-to\-statistics\-on\-historical\-trends\-in\-income\-inequality'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/research\/poverty\-and\-inequality\/a\-guide\-to\-statistics\-on\-historical\-trends\-in\-income\-inequality\<\/a\>\. \<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips263',tt_store_content,'20350','and a quarter \(24 percent\) went to the top 1 percent alone',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau\. 2019\. “The AFCARS Report,” p\. 1\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips264',tt_store_content,'20376','125,422 children in foster care were waiting to be adopted',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Kovaluk, David\. 2019\. “Remembering Their Names\: Children Killed by Gun Violence in the St\. Louis Area Since Summer Began\.” \<em\>St\. Louis Public Radio\<\/em\>, October 3\. https\:\/\/news\.stlpublicradio\.org\/post\/remembering\-their\-names\-children\-killed\-gun\-violence\-st\-louis\-area\-summer\-began#stream\/0"; toolTips('.classtoolTips265',tt_store_content,'20557','earned a reputation for being “wise beyond his years\.”',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \(CDC\)\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death, 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. Accessed using CDC WONDER Online Database\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html'\>https\:\/\/wonder\.cdc\.gov\/ucd\-icd10\.html\<\/a\>\. Note\: All data are for children and teens ages 0\-19 and exclude deaths for interactions with law enforcement\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips266',tt_store_content,'20559','2015, 2016 and 2017 continued that disturbing upward trend',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Census Bureau\. 2019\. “Current Population Survey, 2018 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,” Table POV13, Related Children by Number of Working Family Members and Family Structure, 2018\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips267',tt_store_content,'20304','live with a family member who works full\-time, year round',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Wilson, Valerie and Jhacova Williams\. 2019\. “Racial and Ethnic Income Gaps Persist Amid Uneven Growth in Household Incomes\.” Economic Policy Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.epi\.org\/blog\/racial\-and\-ethnic\-income\-gaps\-persist\-amid\-uneven\-growth\-in\-household\-incomes\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.epi\.org\/blog\/racial\-and\-ethnic\-income\-gaps\-persist\-amid\-uneven\-growth\-in\-household\-incomes\/\<\/a\>\. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips268',tt_store_content,'20358','For every \$1 earned by the median white household in 2018',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>Montoya\-Galvez, Camilo\. 2019\. “A Moral Obligation\: Apple’s Tim Cook Urges Supreme Court to Save DACA\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>CBSNews\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>, October 2\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbsnews\.com\/news\/apples\-tim\-cook\-urges\-supreme\-court\-to\-save\-daca\-in\-amicus\-brief\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbsnews\.com\/news\/apples\-tim\-cook\-urges\-supreme\-court\-to\-save\-daca\-in\-amicus\-brief\/\<\/a\>\. \<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips269',tt_store_content,'20370','innovating the latest technologies and help desk geniuses',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Yamashiro, Amy, Jean Yan, and John McLaughlin\. 2018\. “Early Childhood Homelessness State Profiles 2018,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www2\.ed\.gov\/rschstat\/eval\/disadv\/homeless\/early\-childhood\-homelessness\-state\-profiles\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www2\.ed\.gov\/rschstat\/eval\/disadv\/homeless\/early\-childhood\-homelessness\-state\-profiles\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips270',tt_store_content,'20460','Nearly 1\.3 million children under 6 were homeless in 2016',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;letter\-spacing\: \-0\.05pt;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Credit Suisse\. 2019\. “Global Wealth Databook 2019,” Table 2\-4\. Zurich, Switzerland\: Credit Suisse Research Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.credit\-suisse\.com\/about\-us\/en\/reports\-research\/global\-wealth\-report\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.credit\-suisse\.com\/about\-us\/en\/reports\-research\/global\-wealth\-report\.html\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips271',tt_store_content,'20365','the U\.S\. held the largest share of the world’s wealth',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Garcia, Emma\. 2017\. “Poor Black Children Are Much More Likely to Attend High\-Poverty Schools Than Poor White Children\.” Economic Policy Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.epi\.org\/publication\/poor\-black\-children\-are\-much\-more\-likely\-to\-attend\-high\-poverty\-schools\-than\-poor\-white\-children\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.epi\.org\/publication\/poor\-black\-children\-are\-much\-more\-likely\-to\-attend\-high\-poverty\-schools\-than\-poor\-white\-children\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips272',tt_store_content,'20400','compared with 54 percent of poor white children in 2013',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Bernstein, Hamutal, Dulce Gonzalez, Michael Karpman, and Stephen Zuckerman\. 2019\. “One in Seven Adults in Immigrant Families Reported Avoiding Public Benefit Programs in 2018\.” Washington, DC\: Urban Institute\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/100270\/one_in_seven_adults_in_immigrant_families_reported_avoiding_publi_7\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.urban\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/100270\/one_in_seven_adults_in_immigrant_families_reported_avoiding_publi_7\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips273',tt_store_content,'20529','causing families to disenroll from or forgo health care',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Alker, Joan and Lauren Roygardner\. 2019\. “The Number of Uninsured Children in on the Rise,” p\. 1\. Washington, DC\: Georgetown University Health Policy Institute Center for Children and Families \(CCF\)\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/ccf\.georgetown\.edu\/2019\/10\/29\/the\-number\-of\-uninsured\-children\-in\-on\-the\-rise\-acs\/'\>https\:\/\/ccf\.georgetown\.edu\/2019\/10\/29\/the\-number\-of\-uninsured\-children\-in\-on\-the\-rise\-acs\/\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips274',tt_store_content,'20463','Only one state—North Dakota—made positive progress',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Bursztynsky, Jessica\. 2019\. “The US Won’t Provide Flu Vaccines to Migrant Families at Border Detention Camps\.” \<em\>CNBC\<\/em\>, August 20\.  \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cnbc\.com\/2019\/08\/20\/the\-us\-wont\-vaccinate\-migrant\-children\-against\-the\-flu\-at\-border\-camps\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.cnbc\.com\/2019\/08\/20\/the\-us\-wont\-vaccinate\-migrant\-children\-against\-the\-flu\-at\-border\-camps\.html\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips275',tt_store_content,'20518','no plans to vaccinate migrant families against the flu',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Children’s Defense Fund\. 2019\. “Ending Child Poverty Now,” p\. 21\. Washington, DC\: CDF\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.childrensdefense\.org\/ending\-child\-poverty\-now\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.childrensdefense\.org\/ending\-child\-poverty\-now\/\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips276',tt_store_content,'20528','would increase by 31 percent and significantly improve',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fox, “Supplemental Poverty Measure,” Table A\-7\. This calculation accounts for 522,000 children who were raised above the poverty line due to receiving child support payments and the 67,000 children who fell below the poverty line because of child support paid\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips277',tt_store_content,'15792','and it helped 455,000 children escape poverty in 2017',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, and Lawrence Katz\. 2015\. “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children\: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment\.” Cambridge, MA\: National Bureau of Economic Research\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/mtopublic\/final\/MTO_IRS_2015\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.nber\.org\/mtopublic\/final\/MTO_IRS_2015\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips278',tt_store_content,'20451','before age 13 have been shown to have higher earnings',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fox, Liana\. 2018\. “The Supplemental Poverty Measure\: 2017,” Table A\-7\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Census Bureau\. https\:\/\/www\.census\.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2018\/demo\/p60\-265\.pdf\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips279',tt_store_content,'15773','and kept 1\.5 million children out of poverty in 2017',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Holland, Debra\. 2015\. “Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers \(ITINs\)\: IRS Processes Create Barriers to Filing and Paying for Taxpayers Who Cannot Obtain Social Security Numbers,” p\. 199\. Washington, DC\: International Revenue Service\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/taxpayeradvocate\.irs\.gov\/Media\/Default\/Documents\/2015ARC\/ARC15_Volume1_MSP_18_ITIN\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/taxpayeradvocate\.irs\.gov\/Media\/Default\/Documents\/2015ARC\/ARC15_Volume1_MSP_18_ITIN\.pdf\<\/a\>\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips280',tt_store_content,'20345','contributing billions of dollars to the U\.S\. economy',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs\. 2019\. “OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book,” Juvenile Arrest Rates by Offense and Race, 2018 \(Rates per 100,000 in Age Group\)\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/crime\/ucr\.asp\?table_in\=2&amp;selYrs\=2017&amp;rdoGroups\=2&amp;rdoData\=r'\>https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/crime\/ucr\.asp\?table_in\=2&amp;selYrs\=2017&amp;rdoGroups\=2&amp;rdoData\=r\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips281',tt_store_content,'20541','Black children were two and a half times more likely',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Sickmund, Melissa, Anthony Sladky, and Wei Kang\. 2019\. “Easy Access to Juvenile Court Statistics\: 1985\-2017\.” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/ezajcs\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.ojjdp\.gov\/ojstatbb\/ezajcs\/\<\/a\>\. Note\: Delinquency Cases were filtered by race and selection criteria included Disposition \(Waived\)\. Youth population estimates derived from Methods\: “Population at risk of juvenile court handling in 2017\.”Additional calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips282',tt_store_content,'20544','but only 15 percent of the total youth population\.',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>McLaughlin, Michael and Mark Rank\. 2018\. “Estimating the Economic Cost of Childhood Poverty in the United States\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>Social Work Research\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\> 42\(2\)\: 73\. This study updates a 2008 study which estimated the cost of child poverty at roughly half a trillion dollars per year\. Holzer, Harry, Diane Schanzenbach, and Greg Duncan\. 2008\. “The Economic Costs of Childhood Poverty in The United States\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>Journal of Children and Poverty\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\> 14\(1\)\: 41–61\. McLaughlin and Rank updated the Holzer et al\. methodology to arrive at roughly \$687 billion per year, though their topline finding is listed at \$1\.0298 trillion per year due to additional projected social costs of poverty\. To avoid overestimation of costs, this report relies on the more conservative estimate\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips283',tt_store_content,'20295','cost the nation about \$700 billion dollars a year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service\. 2019\. “Interactive Charts and Highlights\: Food Insecurity and Very Low Food Security by Education, Employment, Disability Status, and SNAP Participation\.” \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/topics\/food\-nutrition\-assistance\/food\-security\-in\-the\-us\/interactive\-charts\-and\-highlights\/#childtrends'\>https\:\/\/www\.ers\.usda\.gov\/topics\/food\-nutrition\-assistance\/food\-security\-in\-the\-us\/interactive\-charts\-and\-highlights\/#childtrends\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips284',tt_store_content,'20480','53 percent were households with full\-time workers',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\. 2019\. “Deaths\: Final Data for 2017,” Table 15\. \<em\>National Vital Statistics Report\<\/em\> 68\(9\)\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nvsr68\/nvsr68_09\-508\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.cdc\.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nvsr68\/nvsr68_09\-508\.pdf\.\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips285',tt_store_content,'20512','6 died before their first birthday \(see Table 16\)',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau\. 2019\. “The AFCARS Report,” p\. 3\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips286',tt_store_content,'20375','the average length of stay was nearly 20 months',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "CBPP\. 2019\. “United States Federal Rental Assistance Fact Sheet\.” Washington, DC\: CBPP\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/12\-10\-19hous\-factsheet\-us\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/12\-10\-19hous\-factsheet\-us\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips287',tt_store_content,'20449','60 percent are people in families with children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Stone, Chad et al\. 2020\. “A Guide,” p\. 1\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips288',tt_store_content,'20352','Today, wealth is more concentrated than income',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Cronquist, Kathryn\. 2019\. “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households\: Fiscal Year 2018,” Table 3\.4\. Washington, DC\: U\.S\. Department of Agriculture\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\-files\/Characteristics2018\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/fns\-prod\.azureedge\.net\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\-files\/Characteristics2018\.pdf\<\/a\>\. Calculations of per meal average based on average monthly SNAP benefit made by Children’s Defense Fund"; toolTips('.classtoolTips289',tt_store_content,'20525','benefits averaged only \$1\.29 a person per meal',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>Korte, Gregory, Alan Gomez, and Kevin Johnson\. 2017\. “Trump Administration Struggles with Fate of 900 DREAMers Serving in the Military\.” \<\/span\>\<i\>USA Today\<\/i\>\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>, September 7\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.usatoday\.com\/story\/news\/politics\/2017\/09\/07\/trump\-administration\-struggles\-fate\-900\-dreamers\-serving\-military\/640637001\/'\>https\:\/\/www\.usatoday\.com\/story\/news\/politics\/2017\/09\/07\/trump\-administration\-struggles\-fate\-900\-dreamers\-serving\-military\/640637001\/\<\/a\>\. \<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips290',tt_store_content,'20371','They are first responders and service members',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Mauric, Alison, Randy Rosso, Crystal FitzSimons, and Kathryn Furtado\. 2019\. “Community Eligibility\: The Key to Hunger\-Free Schools\: School Year 2018\-2019,” p\. 3; p\. 9\. Washington, DC\: Food Research &amp; Action Center \(FRAC\)\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/community\-eligibility\-key\-to\-hunger\-free\-schools\-sy\-2018\-2019\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/www\.frac\.org\/wp\-content\/uploads\/community\-eligibility\-key\-to\-hunger\-free\-schools\-sy\-2018\-2019\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips291',tt_store_content,'20482','enabling schools to invest time and resources',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Campaign for Youth Justice\. 2016\. “Key Facts\: Youth in the Justice System,” p\. 7\. Washington, DC\: Campaign for Youth Justice\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/cfyj\.org\/images\/factsheets\/KeyYouthCrimeFactsJune72016final\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/cfyj\.org\/images\/factsheets\/KeyYouthCrimeFactsJune72016final\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips292',tt_store_content,'20545','and Hispanic youth are 40 percent more likely',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Fischer, Will\. 2015\. “Research Shows Housing Vouchers Reduce Hardship and Provide Platform for Long\-Term Gains among Children,” p\. 2\. Washington, DC\: CBPP\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/3\-10\-14hous\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/3\-10\-14hous\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips293',tt_store_content,'20452','Vouchers for homeless families with children',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "U\.S\. Census Bureau, Population Division\. 2019\. “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population,” 2018 Population Estimates\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips294',tt_store_content,'20290','65 and older continues to steadily increase',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Center on Budget and Policy Priorities \(CBPP\)\. 2017\. “Policy Basics\: Federal Rental Assistance,” p\. 2\-3\. Washington, DC\: CBPP\. \<a href\='http\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/PolicyBasics\-housing\-1\-25\-13RA\.pdf'\>http\:\/\/www\.cbpp\.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/PolicyBasics\-housing\-1\-25\-13RA\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips295',tt_store_content,'20448','only 1 in 4 eligible households receive it',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Henry et al\. 2018\. “The 2018 AHAR,” p\. 36\-38\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/files\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2018\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/files\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2018\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips296',tt_store_content,'20456','Family homelessness declined by 23 percent',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "CDC\. 2019\. “Underlying Cause of Death, 1999\-2017,” Detailed Mortality Tables\. Note\: All data are for children and teens ages 0\-19 and exclude deaths for interactions with law enforcement\. Racial\/ethnic groups are mutually exclusive\. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips297',tt_store_content,'20571','Black boys like Eddie are at greatest risk',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>Ibid\.\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips298',tt_store_content,'20354','owned more than 75 percent of all wealth',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Henry et al\. 2018\. “The 2018 AHAR,” p\. 35\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/files\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2018\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/files\.hudexchange\.info\/resources\/documents\/2018\-AHAR\-Part\-1\.pdf\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips299',tt_store_content,'20459','60 percent of those in homeless families',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Brooks, Tricia, Edwin Park, and Lauren Roygardner\. 2019\. “Medicaid and CHIP Enrollment Decline Suggests the Child Uninsured Rate May Rise Again,” Appendix Table 1\. Washington, DC\: CCF\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/ccf\.georgetown\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Enrollment\-Decline\.pdf'\>https\:\/\/ccf\.georgetown\.edu\/wp\-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Enrollment\-Decline\.pdf\<\/a\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips300',tt_store_content,'20472','a 2\.2 percent decline in only one year',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "\<span style\='margin\: 0px;font\-family\: 'Cambria',serif;font\-size\: 12pt'\>\<span style\='color\: #000000'\>U\.S\. Census Bureau, Population Division\. 2019\. “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population,” 2018 Population Estimates\. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund\<\/span\>\<\/span\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips301',tt_store_content,'20288','37 million children were white',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Strauss, Valerie\. 2019\. “It’s a Real Shame about School Lunch\.” \<em\>Washington Post\<\/em\>, August 1\. https\:\/\/www\.washingtonpost\.com\/education\/2019\/08\/01\/its\-real\-shame\-about\-school\-lunch\/; Tully, Tracey and Nate Schweber\. 2019\. “First, the Tuna Fish ‘Badge of Shame\.’ Next, Banned from the Prom\?” \<em\>New York Times\<\/em\>, November 1\. \<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/2019\/11\/01\/nyregion\/cherry\-hill\-lunch\-elizabeth\-warren\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/2019\/11\/01\/nyregion\/cherry\-hill\-lunch\-elizabeth\-warren\.html\<\/a\>"; toolTips('.classtoolTips302',tt_store_content,'20474','bar students with lunch debt',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Desmond, Matthew\. 2019\. “Dollars on the Margins\.” \<em\>New York Times Magazine\<\/em\>, February 21\. \<u\>\<a href\='https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/interactive\/2019\/02\/21\/magazine\/minimum\-wage\-saving\-lives\.html'\>https\:\/\/www\.nytimes\.com\/interactive\/2019\/02\/21\/magazine\/minimum\-wage\-saving\-lives\.html\<\/a\>\<\/u\>\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips303',tt_store_content,'15747','But I also have politics',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipnoanimation '); });</script><div id="pum-22521" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-19064 pum-theme-no-background-color popmake-overlay pum-click-to-close auto_open click_open" 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top&quot;,&quot;position_from_trigger&quot;:false,&quot;position_top&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;position_left&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;position_bottom&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;position_right&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;position_fixed&quot;:false,&quot;animation_type&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;animation_speed&quot;:&quot;350&quot;,&quot;animation_origin&quot;:&quot;center top&quot;,&quot;overlay_zindex&quot;:false,&quot;zindex&quot;:&quot;1999999999&quot;},&quot;close&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;button_delay&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;overlay_click&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;esc_press&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;f4_press&quot;:false},&quot;click_open&quot;:[],&quot;convert_on&quot;:&quot;form_submit&quot;}}" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" ><div id="popmake-23008" class="pum-container popmake theme-19064 pum-responsive pum-responsive-medium responsive size-medium"><div class="pum-content popmake-content"><div 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method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_19' id='gform_19' action='/#gf_19'> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":false,"closedelay":0,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /><div class='gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_19' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><li id='field_19_4' class='gfield gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><div data-bg="url(https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/email-popup-background-purplerepositioned-800x520.png)" class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'></div><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-2 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div> <br /> &nbsp;<div class="fusion-text"><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1></div><div class="fusion-text"><p><span style="font-weight: 700; color: #ffffff; font-size: 35px;">Download the Equipping the Next Generation of Children’s Advocates PDF.</span></p><p> &nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px;">Please complete this form to download the PDF. By downloading the PDF, you will be added to CDF's email list. You can unsubscribe at any time.</span></p></div> <br /></li><li id='field_19_1' class='gfield capitalize gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Name<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name' id='input_19_1'> <span id='input_19_1_3_container' class='name_first' > <input type='text' name='input_1.3' id='input_19_1_3' value='' aria-label='First name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='First Name'/> <label for='input_19_1_3' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>First Name</label> </span> <span id='input_19_1_6_container' class='name_last' > <input type='text' name='input_1.6' id='input_19_1_6' value='' aria-label='Last name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='Last Name'/> <label for='input_19_1_6' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Last Name</label> </span></div></li><li id='field_19_3' class='gfield gf_left_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_19_3' >Email<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_3' id='input_19_3' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_19_2' class='gfield gf_right_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Address<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container has_zip ginput_container_address' id='input_19_2' > <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.4' id='input_19_2_4' value=''/><span class='ginput_right address_zip' id='input_19_2_5_container' > <input type='text' name='input_2.5' id='input_19_2_5' value='' placeholder='Zip' aria-required="true"/> <label for='input_19_2_5' id='input_19_2_5_label' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Zip</label> </span><input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.6' id='input_19_2_6' value='United States'/><div class='gf_clear gf_clear_complex'></div></div></li><li id='field_19_6' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_6' id='input_19_6' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='3303' /></li><li id='field_19_7' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_7' id='input_19_7' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='National' /></li><li id='field_19_5' class='gfield field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_hidden' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_19_5' >CDF-National Constituent</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_5' id='input_19_5' type='text' value='TRUE' class='medium' placeholder='TRUE' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_19_8' class='gfield gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_19_8' >Name</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_8' id='input_19_8' type='text' value='' autocomplete='off'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description__8'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></li></ul></div><div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_19' class='gform_button button' value='DOWNLOAD' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_19"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_19")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_19")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_19"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_19"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_19")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_19")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_19"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_19").trigger("submit",[true]); 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data-bg="url(https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Download-the-report-1-800x560.png)" class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #575050;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-4 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 50px 0px 50px;" data-bg-url=""><div class='gf_browser_ie gform_wrapper' id='gform_wrapper_17' ><div id='gf_17' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_17' id='gform_17' action='/#gf_17'> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":true,"closedelay":2,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /><div class='gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_17' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><li id='field_17_4' class='gfield gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><div data-bg="url(https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/email-popup-background-purplerepositioned-800x520.png)" class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'></div><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-4 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div> <br /> &nbsp;<div class="fusion-text"><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1></div><div class="fusion-text"><p><span style="font-weight: 700; color: #ffffff; font-size: 35px;">Download the 2020 State of America's Children Report.</span></p><p> &nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px;">Please complete this form to download the PDF. By downloading the PDF, you will be added to CDF's email list. You can unsubscribe at any time.</span></p></div> <br /></li><li id='field_17_1' class='gfield capitalize gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Name<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name' id='input_17_1'> <span id='input_17_1_3_container' class='name_first' > <input type='text' name='input_1.3' id='input_17_1_3' value='' aria-label='First name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='First Name'/> <label for='input_17_1_3' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>First Name</label> </span> <span id='input_17_1_6_container' class='name_last' > <input type='text' name='input_1.6' id='input_17_1_6' value='' aria-label='Last name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='Last Name'/> <label for='input_17_1_6' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Last Name</label> </span></div></li><li id='field_17_3' class='gfield gf_left_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_17_3' >Email<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_3' id='input_17_3' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_17_2' class='gfield gf_right_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Address<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container has_zip ginput_container_address' id='input_17_2' > <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.4' id='input_17_2_4' value=''/><span class='ginput_right address_zip' id='input_17_2_5_container' > <input type='text' name='input_2.5' id='input_17_2_5' value='' placeholder='Zip' aria-required="true"/> <label for='input_17_2_5' id='input_17_2_5_label' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Zip</label> </span><input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.6' id='input_17_2_6' value='United States'/><div class='gf_clear gf_clear_complex'></div></div></li><li id='field_17_6' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_6' id='input_17_6' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='3303' /></li><li id='field_17_7' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_7' id='input_17_7' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='National' /></li><li id='field_17_5' class='gfield field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_hidden' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_17_5' >CDF-National Constituent</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_5' id='input_17_5' type='text' value='TRUE' class='medium' placeholder='TRUE' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_17_8' class='gfield gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_17_8' >Email</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_8' id='input_17_8' type='text' value='' autocomplete='off'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description__8'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></li></ul></div><div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_17' class='gform_button button' value='DOWNLOAD' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_17"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_17")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_17")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_17"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_17"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_17")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_17")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_17"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_17").trigger("submit",[true]); 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theme-19064 pum-responsive pum-responsive-medium responsive size-medium"><div class="pum-content popmake-content"><p><div data-bg="url(https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/email-popup-background-purplerepositioned-800x520.png)" class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-6 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class='gf_browser_ie gform_wrapper' id='gform_wrapper_8' ><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' id='gform_8' action='/'> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":false,"closedelay":0,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /><div class='gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_8' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><li id='field_8_4' class='gfield gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><div data-bg="url(https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/email-popup-background-purplerepositioned-800x520.png)" class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'></div><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-6 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div> <br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;<div class="fusion-text"><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1></div><span style="width:100%;max-width:300px;" class="fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20757%20145'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="757" height="145" alt="" title="countmein" class="img-responsive wp-image-21797" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-200x38.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-400x77.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-600x115.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png 757w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 757px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png" width="757" height="145" alt="" title="countmein" class="img-responsive wp-image-21797" srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-200x38.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-400x77.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-600x115.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png 757w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 757px" /></noscript></span><div class="fusion-text"><p><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #ffffff; font-size: 22px;">Be a champion for every child. Sign up for updates about our work to fight for children and ways you can help.</span></p></div></li><li id='field_8_1' class='gfield capitalize gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Name<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name' id='input_8_1'> <span id='input_8_1_3_container' class='name_first' > <input type='text' name='input_1.3' id='input_8_1_3' value='' aria-label='First name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='First Name'/> <label for='input_8_1_3' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>First Name</label> </span> <span id='input_8_1_6_container' class='name_last' > <input type='text' name='input_1.6' id='input_8_1_6' value='' aria-label='Last name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='Last Name'/> <label for='input_8_1_6' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Last Name</label> </span></div></li><li id='field_8_3' class='gfield gf_left_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_8_3' >Email<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_3' id='input_8_3' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_8_2' class='gfield gf_right_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Address<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container has_zip ginput_container_address' id='input_8_2' > <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.4' id='input_8_2_4' value=''/><span class='ginput_right address_zip' id='input_8_2_5_container' > <input type='text' name='input_2.5' id='input_8_2_5' value='' placeholder='Zip' aria-required="true"/> <label for='input_8_2_5' id='input_8_2_5_label' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Zip</label> </span><input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.6' id='input_8_2_6' value='United States'/><div class='gf_clear gf_clear_complex'></div></div></li><li id='field_8_6' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_6' id='input_8_6' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='3303' /></li><li id='field_8_7' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_7' id='input_8_7' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='National' /></li><li id='field_8_5' class='gfield field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_hidden' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_8_5' >CDF-National Constituent</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_5' id='input_8_5' type='text' value='TRUE' class='medium' placeholder='TRUE' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_8_8' class='gfield gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_8_8' >Name</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_8' id='input_8_8' type='text' value='' autocomplete='off'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description__8'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></li></ul></div><div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_8' class='gform_button button' value='Sign me up' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_8"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_8")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_8")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_8"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_8"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_8")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_8")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_8"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_8").trigger("submit",[true]); 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class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-right:20px;padding-left:20px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_1 fusion-builder-column-8 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last 1_1" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-text"><div class='gf_browser_ie gform_wrapper' id='gform_wrapper_1' ><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' id='gform_1' action='/'> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":false,"closedelay":0,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /><div class='gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_1' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><li id='field_1_4' class='gfield gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' > <br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp; <br /> &nbsp;<div class="fusion-text"><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1></div><span style="width:100%;max-width:300px;" class="fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20757%20145'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="757" height="145" alt="" title="countmein" class="img-responsive wp-image-21797" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-200x38.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-400x77.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-600x115.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png 757w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 757px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png" width="757" height="145" alt="" title="countmein" class="img-responsive wp-image-21797" srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-200x38.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-400x77.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-600x115.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png 757w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 757px" /></noscript></span><div class="fusion-text"><p><span style="font-weight: 400; color: #ffffff; font-size: 22px;">Be a champion for every child. Sign up for updates about our work to fight for children and ways you can help.</span></p></div></li><li id='field_1_1' class='gfield capitalize gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Name<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 ginput_container_name' id='input_1_1'> <span id='input_1_1_3_container' class='name_first' > <input type='text' name='input_1.3' id='input_1_1_3' value='' aria-label='First name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='First Name'/> <label for='input_1_1_3' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>First Name</label> </span> <span id='input_1_1_6_container' class='name_last' > <input type='text' name='input_1.6' id='input_1_1_6' value='' aria-label='Last name' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder='Last Name'/> <label for='input_1_1_6' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Last Name</label> </span></div></li><li id='field_1_3' class='gfield gf_left_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_1_3' >Email<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_3' id='input_1_3' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_1_2' class='gfield gf_right_half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_hidden_label field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label gfield_label_before_complex' >Address<span class='gfield_required'>*</span></label><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container has_zip ginput_container_address' id='input_1_2' > <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.4' id='input_1_2_4' value=''/><span class='ginput_right address_zip' id='input_1_2_5_container' > <input type='text' name='input_2.5' id='input_1_2_5' value='' placeholder='Zip' aria-required="true"/> <label for='input_1_2_5' id='input_1_2_5_label' class='hidden_sub_label screen-reader-text'>Zip</label> </span><input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='input_2.6' id='input_1_2_6' value='United States'/><div class='gf_clear gf_clear_complex'></div></div></li><li id='field_1_5' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_5' id='input_1_5' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='3303' /></li><li id='field_1_6' class='gfield gform_hidden field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><input name='input_6' id='input_1_6' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='National' /></li><li id='field_1_7' class='gfield field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_hidden' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_1_7' >CDF-National Constituent</label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_7' id='input_1_7' type='text' value='TRUE' class='medium' placeholder='TRUE' aria-invalid="false" /></div></li><li id='field_1_8' class='gfield gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><label class='gfield_label' for='input_1_8' >Comments</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_8' id='input_1_8' type='text' value='' autocomplete='off'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description__8'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></li></ul></div><div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_1' class='gform_button button' value='Sign me up' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_1"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_1"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_1"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_1"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_1").trigger("submit",[true]); 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enctype='multipart/form-data' id='gform_9' action='/'> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":false,"closedelay":0,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /><div class='gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_9' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><li id='field_9_4' class='gfield gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible' ><div data-bg="url(https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/email-popup-background-purplerepositioned-800x520.png)" class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: 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bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; font-size: 40px;"> </span></h1></div><span style="width:100%;max-width:300px;" class="fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20757%20145'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="757" height="145" alt="" title="countmein" class="img-responsive wp-image-21797" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-200x38.png 200w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-400x77.png 400w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein-600x115.png 600w, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png 757w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 757px" data-lazy-src="https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/countmein.png" /><noscript><img 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data-popmake="{&quot;id&quot;:19966,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;soac-sign-up&quot;,&quot;theme_id&quot;:17931,&quot;cookies&quot;:[],&quot;triggers&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;click_open&quot;,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;cookie_name&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;extra_selectors&quot;:&quot;#soac-sign-up&quot;}}],&quot;mobile_disabled&quot;:null,&quot;tablet_disabled&quot;:null,&quot;meta&quot;:{&quot;display&quot;:{&quot;stackable&quot;:false,&quot;overlay_disabled&quot;:false,&quot;scrollable_content&quot;:false,&quot;disable_reposition&quot;:false,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;small&quot;,&quot;responsive_min_width&quot;:&quot;0%&quot;,&quot;responsive_min_width_unit&quot;:false,&quot;responsive_max_width&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;,&quot;responsive_max_width_unit&quot;:false,&quot;custom_width&quot;:&quot;640px&quot;,&quot;custom_width_unit&quot;:false,&quot;custom_height&quot;:&quot;380px&quot;,&quot;custom_height_unit&quot;:false,&quot;custom_height_auto&quot;:false,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;center 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class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-parallax-none bg-contain nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns rocket-lazyload" style='background-color: #15a3bc;background-position: center bottom;background-repeat: no-repeat;padding-right:20px;padding-left:20px;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;'><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row "><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_1_3 fusion-builder-column-11 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first 1_3" style='margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:20px;width:30.6666%; margin-right: 4%;'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="border-right:1px solid #ffffff;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-size-two .all-caps" style="margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:15px;"><h2 class="title-heading-left" style="margin:0;"><span style="color: #ffffff;">STAY CONNECTED</span></h2></div><div class="fusion-text"><p><span style="color: #ffe987;">Fight for children, stay informed and know when to act.</span></p></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="content:'';z-index:-1;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;" data-bg-url=""></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion_builder_column_2_3 fusion-builder-column-12 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last 2_3" style='margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:20px;width:65.3333%'><div class="fusion-column-wrapper" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;" data-bg-url=""><div class="fusion-text"><div class='gf_browser_ie gform_wrapper' id='gform_wrapper_3' ><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' id='gform_3' action='/'> <input type='hidden' 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Location:
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Cache-Control:
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Date:
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Raw Measurement Data

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