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March 2, 2021 at 8:01:01 PM UTC
VERIFY
OK
http://www.unfpa.org/swp
Austria
AS8447 A1 Telekom Austria AG
Websites
Websites
Web Connectivity Test 
Runtime: 2s
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On March 2, 2021 at 8:01:01 PM UTC, http://www.unfpa.org/swp was accessible when tested on AS8447 in Austria.

Failures

HTTP Experiment
null
DNS Experiment
null
Control
null

DNS Queries

Resolver:
213.225.39.176
Query:
IN A www.unfpa.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
Answer IP Info
@
IN
A
23.185.0.2
AS54113 (Fastly)
Query:
IN AAAA www.unfpa.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
Answer IP Info
@
IN
AAAA
2620:12a:8000::2
AS54113 (Fastly)
@
IN
AAAA
2620:12a:8001::2
AS54113 (Fastly)

TCP Connections

2620:12a:8001::2:80: failed (unknown_failure: dial tcp [scrubbed]: connect: network is unreachable)
2620:12a:8000::2:80: failed (unknown_failure: dial tcp [scrubbed]: connect: network is unreachable)
23.185.0.2:80: succeeded

HTTP Requests

URL
GET https://www.unfpa.org/swop
Response Headers
Accept-Ranges:
bytes
Age:
955
Cache-Control:
public, max-age=1800
Content-Language:
en
Content-Length:
142783
Content-Type:
text/html; charset=utf-8
Date:
Tue, 02 Mar 2021 20:01:03 GMT
Etag:
W/"1614714308-0"
Expires:
Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMT
Last-Modified:
Tue, 02 Mar 2021 19:45:08 GMT
Server:
nginx
Strict-Transport-Security:
max-age=300
Vary:
Accept-Encoding, Cookie, Cookie, Cookie
Via:
1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish
X-Cache:
HIT, MISS
X-Cache-Hits:
1, 0
X-Content-Type-Options:
nosniff
X-Drupal-Cache:
MISS
X-Frame-Options:
SAMEORIGIN
X-Pantheon-Styx-Hostname:
styx-fe2-b-56c597f89b-cdnk2
X-Served-By:
cache-mdw17345-MDW, cache-vie21632-VIE
X-Styx-Req-Id:
cb2a2388-7b8f-11eb-a968-2a903d9652b7
X-Timer:
S1614715263.371276,VS0,VE125
Response Body
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js ie6 oldie" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7]>    <html class="no-js ie7 oldie" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>    <html class="no-js ie8 oldie" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <!--<![endif]-->
        <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
<link href="https://www.unfpa.org/swop" rel="alternate" hreflang="en" />
<link href="https://www.unfpa.org/es/swop" rel="alternate" hreflang="es" />
<link href="https://www.unfpa.org/fr/swop" rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" />
<link href="https://www.unfpa.org/ar/swop" rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" />
<link href="https://www.unfpa.org/ha/swop" rel="alternate" hreflang="ha" />
<link href="https://www.unfpa.org/pcm/swop" rel="alternate" hreflang="pcm" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/themes/unfpa_global/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund " />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:updated_time" content="1614714308" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.unfpa.org/swop-2020" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Harm is discrimination today and trauma for a lifetime" />
<meta property="og:description" content="UNFPA State of World Population 2020" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-default.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-default.jpg" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="628" />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="2280985865254142" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@UNFPA" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.unfpa.org/swop-2020" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Harm is discrimination today and trauma for a lifetime" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-default.jpg" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="UNFPA State of World Population 2020" />
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                                              <h1 class="title" id="page-title">SWOP Report 2020</h1>
                                                          

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              Against            </span><br />
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              My            </span>
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              Will            </span>
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            Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality          </p>
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                <div class="swop20-sheis-title-1 swop20-fadein h-font">She is</div>
                <div class="swop20-sheis-title-2 swop20-fadein h-font">a girl</div>

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                  <div class="swop20-sheis-line-1 swop20-fadein">NOT a commodity to be traded</div>
                  <div class="swop20-sheis-line-2 swop20-fadein">NOT an object of desire</div>
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    <section class="swop20-section swop20-nav-showback" id="harmful-practice">
      
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      The harmful practice    </h2>

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        The Act That Harms and Violates a Girl’s Body  is Only the Start of a Cascade of Harms      </p>
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        Every day, hundreds of thousands of girls around the world are subjected to practices that harm them physically or psychologically, or both, with the full knowledge and consent of their families, friends and communities.      </p>
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        The practices reduce and limit their capacity to participate fully in society and to reach their full potential. The impact ripples throughout society and reinforces the very gender stereotypes and inequalities that gave rise to the harm in the first place.      </p>
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        Three widespread harmful practices are female genital mutilation, child marriage and son preference.      </p>
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      VIDEO: Harmful practices against girls cause lasting trauma    </div>

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  <span class="swop20-credit swop20-credit-black">Artwork by Lacuna</span>

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          COVID-19 pandemic heightens risks        </h2>
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      COVID-19 threatens progress in ending harmful practices    </div>

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        <p class="swop20-covid-description swop20-text-xlg swop20-color-red">
          The State of World Population 2020 was developed during the initial stages of the pandemic.        </p>
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        <p>There is little data on how the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the exercise of harmful practices around the world, but there are already a few certainties: First, programmes designed to end child marriage and female genital mutilation are facing serious delays in implementation. Second, pandemic-related economic disruptions are increasing the vulnerability of girls to harmful coping mechanisms, including these harmful practices.</p>
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        <p>An <a href="resources/impact-covid-19-pandemic-family-planning-and-ending-gender-based-violence-female-genital" class="bi-font" target="_blank">analysis</a> by UNFPA, Avenir Health, Johns Hopkins University (USA) and Victoria University (Australia) looked at the potential consequences of pandemic-related disruptions on both harmful practices. If the pandemic causes a two year delay in female genital mutilation-prevention programmes, researchers projected that 2 million female genital mutilation cases would occur over the next decade that would otherwise have been averted.</p>
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        <p>If the pandemic causes a one-year average delay in interventions to end child marriage, considered a conservative estimate, some 7.4 million more child marriages are projected to occur over the next decade that otherwise could have been averted. In addition, the pandemic-caused economic downturn is projected to result in an estimated 5.6 million additional child marriages taking place between 2020 and 2030. The total effect of the COVID-19 pandemic is therefore projected to result in 13 million additional child marriages.</p>
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      Female genital mutilation    </h2>
    <p class="swop20-divider-subtitle h-font swop20-stamp">
      <span class="swop20-divider-subtitle-border">Cut, scraped, stitched</span>
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      4 million girls are at risk of female genital mutilation in 2020    </div>

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          <div class="swop20-credit">Photo by Sufian Abdul-Mouty/UNFPA Sudan</div>
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            <p>Female genital mutilation, FGM, is <strong class="b-font">an invasive procedure which entails partial or total removal of female external genitalia or other injury to female genital organs for non-medical reasons.</strong> The procedure is mostly carried out on young girls between infancy and age 15.</p>          </div>
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          <div class="swop20-credit">Photo by Sufian Abdul-Mouty/UNFPA Sudan</div>
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          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
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            <p><strong class="b-font">200 million women and girls</strong> alive today are affected by FGM.</p>          </div>
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          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
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<div class="swop20-topic swop20-topic-fgm" id="fgm-2">
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        <h2 class="swop20-topic-title swop20-title-2 h-font">Medicalization</h2>
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                  <span class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</span>
                                      <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              Health-care providers are increasingly involved in performing “medicalized” FGM, viewing medicalization as a method of harm reduction. But even when the procedure is performed in a sterile environment by a health services provider, FGM can never be “safe”; there is always a risk of health consequences immediately and later in life.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy swop20-topic-copy-callout swop20-text-xlg b-font">
              An estimated 52 million women and girls have undergone FGM performed by doctors, nurses or midwives.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              Under any circumstances, FGM violates human rights and violates medical ethics.            </p>
                          
<div class="swop20-sharelink">
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      Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) violates human rights    </div>

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        The harm      </h2>
  
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              <p>FGM violates women’s and girl’s fundamental rights—to health, to bodily integrity, to be free from discrimination and cruel or degrading treatment.</p><p>It can result in severe physical and psychological harm that continues throughout a woman’s life.</p><p>It can even kill her.</p>            </div>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 13.5%; left: 52.4%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">anxiety</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 19.4%; left: 36.9%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">recurring <br /> nightmares</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 21.3%; left: 64.6%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">low self-esteem</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 25.8%; left: 62%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">infection</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 29.1%; left: 27%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">obstetric fistula</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 34.5%; left: 31%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">cysts</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 35.7%; left: 66.5%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">heightened risk of HIV</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 43.1%; left: 31.5%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">newborn mortality</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 40.4%; left: 70%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">trauma</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 50.3%; left: 42%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">depression</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 48.1%; left: 75.5%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">complications <br /> giving birth</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 57.7%; left: 35.2%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">phobias</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 57.2%; left: 75.5%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">painful <br /> intercourse</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 68.5%; left: 40%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">loss of appetite</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 71.1%; left: 76.6%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">somatization</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 76%; left: 48.9%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">panic attacks</span>
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                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 84.5%; left: 53.6%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">infertility</span>
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        <h3 class="swop20-harm-counter-value swop20-color-orange h-font">
          <span class="swop20-harm-counter-count" data-value="4.1">4.1</span> million        </h3>
        <p class="swop20-harm-counter-label h-font">girls and women are at risk of FGM this year</p>
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      <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
  
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      Opposition is building    </h2>
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      As more and more women, girls, men and boys learn about FGM and its harm, opposition to the practice is growing. In the last two decades, the proportion of girls and women in high-prevalence countries who want the practice to stop has doubled.    </p>

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  <a href="javascript:" data-url-fb="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Ffgm-3" data-url-tw="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Ffgm-3&amp;text=The+opposition+is+here+to+stay%21+Say+%23AgainstMyWill+and+join+%40UNFPA+in+defying+the+practices+that+harm+women+and+girls+and+undermine+equality.&amp;hashtags=SWOP2020" data-img="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-fgm-3.jpg">

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      <path stroke="none" fill="#ffffff" d="M57.52 36.7c-2.1 0-3.98.95-5.25 2.43l-11.3-7.46c.26-.7.4-1.45.4-2.24 0-3.77-3.1-6.83-6.88-6.83s-6.9 3.06-6.9 6.83c0 3.76 3.1 6.83 6.88 6.83 2 0 3.78-.85 5.04-2.2l11.4 7.53c-.18.6-.3 1.27-.3 1.94 0 .36.05.7.1 1.05l-11 7.56c-1.25-1.48-3.13-2.42-5.23-2.42-3.8 0-6.9 3.07-6.9 6.83 0 3.77 3.1 6.83 6.9 6.83s6.87-3.06 6.87-6.83c0-.67-.1-1.32-.3-1.94l10.7-7.36c1.22 1.87 3.34 3.1 5.75 3.1 3.8 0 6.88-3.06 6.88-6.82 0-3.77-3.1-6.84-6.88-6.84zm-23.04-3.24c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03 0-2.22 1.83-4.03 4.08-4.03s4.1 1.8 4.1 4.03c0 2.22-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm0 27.14c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03s1.83-4.02 4.08-4.02 4.1 1.8 4.1 4.02-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm23.04-13.03c-2.26 0-4.1-1.8-4.1-4.03 0-2.22 1.84-4.03 4.1-4.03s4.08 1.82 4.08 4.04c0 2.22-1.83 4.03-4.08 4.03z"></path>
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    <div class="swop20-sharelink-description element-hidden">
      VIDEO: The opposition to harmful practices is here to stay!    </div>

  </a>
</div>
    </div>

    <div class="element-invisible">
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/video-background.svg" alt="Background" />
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/bg-edge-divider.jpg" alt="Background" />
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="swop20-opposition-bg-edge-divider"></div>

</div>
    </section>

    <section class="swop20-section" id="child-marriage">
      
<div class="swop20-divider">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">
    <h2 class="swop20-divider-title swop20-title-1 h-font">
      Child marriage    </h2>
    <p class="swop20-divider-subtitle h-font swop20-stamp">
      <span class="swop20-divider-subtitle-border">Promised, given, traded, sold</span>
    </p>
    <div class="swop20-divider-sharelink swop20-fadein">
      
<div class="swop20-sharelink">
  <a href="javascript:" data-url-fb="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fchild-marriage" data-url-tw="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fchild-marriage&amp;text=%23DidYouKnow%3A+1-in-5+marriages+today+is+to+underage+girls%3F+Say+%23AgainstMyWill+and+join+%40UNFPA+in+defying+the+practices%2C+like+child+marriage%2C+that+harm+women+and+girls+and+undermine+equality.&amp;hashtags=SWOP2020" data-img="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-child-marriage.jpg">

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      <path stroke="none" fill="#e05837" d="M57.52 36.7c-2.1 0-3.98.95-5.25 2.43l-11.3-7.46c.26-.7.4-1.45.4-2.24 0-3.77-3.1-6.83-6.88-6.83s-6.9 3.06-6.9 6.83c0 3.76 3.1 6.83 6.88 6.83 2 0 3.78-.85 5.04-2.2l11.4 7.53c-.18.6-.3 1.27-.3 1.94 0 .36.05.7.1 1.05l-11 7.56c-1.25-1.48-3.13-2.42-5.23-2.42-3.8 0-6.9 3.07-6.9 6.83 0 3.77 3.1 6.83 6.9 6.83s6.87-3.06 6.87-6.83c0-.67-.1-1.32-.3-1.94l10.7-7.36c1.22 1.87 3.34 3.1 5.75 3.1 3.8 0 6.88-3.06 6.88-6.82 0-3.77-3.1-6.84-6.88-6.84zm-23.04-3.24c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03 0-2.22 1.83-4.03 4.08-4.03s4.1 1.8 4.1 4.03c0 2.22-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm0 27.14c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03s1.83-4.02 4.08-4.02 4.1 1.8 4.1 4.02-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm23.04-13.03c-2.26 0-4.1-1.8-4.1-4.03 0-2.22 1.84-4.03 4.1-4.03s4.08 1.82 4.08 4.04c0 2.22-1.83 4.03-4.08 4.03z"></path>
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      <path stroke="none" fill="#ffffff" d="M57.52 36.7c-2.1 0-3.98.95-5.25 2.43l-11.3-7.46c.26-.7.4-1.45.4-2.24 0-3.77-3.1-6.83-6.88-6.83s-6.9 3.06-6.9 6.83c0 3.76 3.1 6.83 6.88 6.83 2 0 3.78-.85 5.04-2.2l11.4 7.53c-.18.6-.3 1.27-.3 1.94 0 .36.05.7.1 1.05l-11 7.56c-1.25-1.48-3.13-2.42-5.23-2.42-3.8 0-6.9 3.07-6.9 6.83 0 3.77 3.1 6.83 6.9 6.83s6.87-3.06 6.87-6.83c0-.67-.1-1.32-.3-1.94l10.7-7.36c1.22 1.87 3.34 3.1 5.75 3.1 3.8 0 6.88-3.06 6.88-6.82 0-3.77-3.1-6.84-6.88-6.84zm-23.04-3.24c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03 0-2.22 1.83-4.03 4.08-4.03s4.1 1.8 4.1 4.03c0 2.22-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm0 27.14c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03s1.83-4.02 4.08-4.02 4.1 1.8 4.1 4.02-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm23.04-13.03c-2.26 0-4.1-1.8-4.1-4.03 0-2.22 1.84-4.03 4.1-4.03s4.08 1.82 4.08 4.04c0 2.22-1.83 4.03-4.08 4.03z"></path>
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    <div class="swop20-sharelink-description element-hidden">
      One in five marriages today is to underage females    </div>

  </a>
</div>
    </div>

    <div class="element-invisible">
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/divider/images/background.jpg" alt="Background" />
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/divider/images/border.png" alt="Background" />
    </div>
  </div>

</div>
      
<div class="swop20-grid">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

      <div class="swop20-grid-row swop20-grid-txt-img">
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner">
        <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner-2">

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-before" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-1.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Mural by Maia Bobo in partnership with TackleAfrica, Burkina Faso</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-txt swop20-grid-txt-before">
          <div class="swop20-grid-txt-content swop20-side-padd swop20-fix-margins">
            <p><strong class="b-font">When a girl is married, her schooling usually ends. Childbearing begins. Opportunities evaporate. Doors to the future slam shut.</strong></p><p>This harmful practice is commonly imposed on girls by family members, community members or society at large, regardless of whether the victim provides, or is able to provide, full, free and informed consent.</p>          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-after" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-1.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Mural by Maia Bobo in partnership with TackleAfrica, Burkina Faso</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        </div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-left" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-1-bg-left.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-1-bg-left.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
      </div>
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-right" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-1-bg-right.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-1-bg-right.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
      </div>
    </div>
      <div class="swop20-grid-row swop20-grid-img-txt">
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner">
        <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner-2">

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-before" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-2.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-txt swop20-grid-txt-after">
          <div class="swop20-grid-txt-content swop20-side-padd swop20-fix-margins">
            <p>Child marriages are almost universally banned, <strong class="b-font">yet they happen 33,000 times a day, every day, all around the world</strong>—cutting across countries, cultures, religions and ethnicities.</p>          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-after" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-2.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        </div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-left" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-2-bg-left.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-2-bg-left.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
      </div>
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-right" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-2-bg-right.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/child-marriage-2-bg-right.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
      </div>
    </div>
  
</div>
      
<div class="swop20-topic swop20-topic-child-marriage" id="child-marriage-2">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">

    <div class="swop20-topic-container">
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/topic-child-marriage.png" alt="" class="swop20-topic-image-left" />

      <div class="swop20-topic-content">
        <h2 class="swop20-topic-title swop20-title-2 h-font">Bought and sold</h2>
        <div class="swop20-topic-images-mobile">
          <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/topic-child-marriage.png" alt="" class="swop20-topic-image-left swop20-topic-image-mobile" />
                  </div>
                  <span class="swop20-credit">©Plan International</span>
                                      <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              Child marriages are often transactional, with girls married off to a spouse to offload a burden or secure the promise of her care.  In the case of dowry and bride price, these transactions are outright and financial in nature.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy swop20-topic-copy-callout swop20-text-xlg b-font">
              Dowries are paid by a bride’s family to the groom, nominally for the upkeep of the wife.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy swop20-topic-copy-callout swop20-text-xlg b-font">
              Bride price is paid by the groom or his family to “purchase” the bride.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              Such practices are more common among the poor and less educated, and exacerbated in times of crisis and displacement. They reinforce and contribute to higher prevalence of child marriage because younger girls require smaller dowries or command higher bride prices—a younger woman or a girl is perceived to be more valuable in that she has more years ahead of her for childbearing and domestic service.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              These practices have been banned in most countries, but enforcing such bans is difficult.            </p>
                          
<div class="swop20-sharelink">
  <a href="javascript:" data-url-fb="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fchild-marriage-2" data-url-tw="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fchild-marriage-2&amp;text=No+girl+should+ever+be+bought+or+sold%2C+yet+child+marriages+are+often+transactional.+Say+%23AgainstMyWill+and+join+%40UNFPA+in+defying+the+practices%2C+like+child+marriage%2C+that+harm+women+and+girls+and+undermine+equality.&amp;hashtags=SWOP2020" data-img="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-child-marriage-2.jpg">

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    </svg>

    <svg viewBox="0 0 86 86" class="swop20-sharelink-hover" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
      <circle stroke="#e05837" stroke-width="2" fill="#e05837" cx="43" cy="43" r="41.5"></circle>
      <path stroke="none" fill="#ffffff" d="M57.52 36.7c-2.1 0-3.98.95-5.25 2.43l-11.3-7.46c.26-.7.4-1.45.4-2.24 0-3.77-3.1-6.83-6.88-6.83s-6.9 3.06-6.9 6.83c0 3.76 3.1 6.83 6.88 6.83 2 0 3.78-.85 5.04-2.2l11.4 7.53c-.18.6-.3 1.27-.3 1.94 0 .36.05.7.1 1.05l-11 7.56c-1.25-1.48-3.13-2.42-5.23-2.42-3.8 0-6.9 3.07-6.9 6.83 0 3.77 3.1 6.83 6.9 6.83s6.87-3.06 6.87-6.83c0-.67-.1-1.32-.3-1.94l10.7-7.36c1.22 1.87 3.34 3.1 5.75 3.1 3.8 0 6.88-3.06 6.88-6.82 0-3.77-3.1-6.84-6.88-6.84zm-23.04-3.24c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03 0-2.22 1.83-4.03 4.08-4.03s4.1 1.8 4.1 4.03c0 2.22-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm0 27.14c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03s1.83-4.02 4.08-4.02 4.1 1.8 4.1 4.02-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm23.04-13.03c-2.26 0-4.1-1.8-4.1-4.03 0-2.22 1.84-4.03 4.1-4.03s4.08 1.82 4.08 4.04c0 2.22-1.83 4.03-4.08 4.03z"></path>
    </svg>

    <div class="swop20-sharelink-description element-hidden">
      No girl should ever be bought or sold    </div>

  </a>
</div>
      </div>

          </div>

  </div>

  <div class="element-invisible">
    <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/background.jpg" alt="Background" />
  </div>
</div>
      
<div class="swop20-harm">
  <div class="swop20-harm-inner" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/art-child-marriage.png);">
    <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
    <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">
      
      <h2 class="swop20-harm-title swop20-title-1 h-font">
        The harm      </h2>
  
      <div class="swop20-harm-cols">
        <div class="swop20-harm-cols-inner">
          <div class="swop20-harm-col-1">
            <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
            <div class="swop20-harm-description swop20-fix-margins b-font">
              <p>Beyond limiting a girl’s education and earning potential, child marriage undermines her ability to make autonomous choices about her own body and future. Married girls have earlier pregnancies, more pregnancies, and closer together pregnancies.</p><p>The impact of child marriage reverberates beyond the girl whose life it derails. It perpetuates a cycle of poverty for her family and community. It undercuts the development of a productive, skilled workforce, with a direct bearing on the health of an economy.</p>            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="swop20-harm-col-2">
            <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
            <div class="swop20-harm-tags h-font">
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 17.3%; left: 49%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">vulnerability to violence</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 23.1%; left: 35.3%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">stress</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 23.1%; left: 68.3%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">higher rates of <br /> newborn mortality</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 32%; left: 29.2%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">sense of powerlessness</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 32.8%; left: 70%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">early/ <br /> unintended <br /> pregnancy</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 38.5%; left: 29.1%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">limited knowledge about sexual <br /> and reproductive life</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 48%; left: 37.8%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">lack of education</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 52.5%; left: 78.5%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">social isolation</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 53.2%; left: 35%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">risk of suicide</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 59.9%; left: 62.5%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">higher risks during pregnancy and childbirth</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 66%; left: 52.9%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">depression</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 74.5%; left: 38.7%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">less healthy <br /> children</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 74.5%; left: 69.9%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">risk of mental illness, <br /> substance abuse</span>
                </div>
                          </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
  
      <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
      <div class="swop20-harm-counter swop20-stamp">
        <h3 class="swop20-harm-counter-value swop20-color-orange h-font">
          <span class="swop20-harm-counter-count" data-value="650">650</span> million        </h3>
        <p class="swop20-harm-counter-label h-font">girls and women alive today were married as children</p>
      </div>
      
      <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
  
      <div class="element-invisible">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/background.jpg" alt="Background" />
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/tags-bg.png" alt="Background" />
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/art-child-marriage.png" alt="Background" />
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    </div>
  </div>
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<div class="swop20-opposition" id="child-marriage-3">
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  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">

    <h2 class="swop20-opposition-title swop20-title-2 h-font swop20-color-red">
      Opposition is building    </h2>
    <p class="swop20-opposition-description">
      The evidence is clear: When girls are given the power to make an informed choice about marriage, they marry later. Laws are an important first step, but programmes are also needed to empower girls with information about their rights and educate parents about the benefits of keeping their daughters in school.    </p>

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  <a href="javascript:" data-url-fb="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fchild-marriage-3" data-url-tw="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fchild-marriage-3&amp;text=%23DidYouKnow%3A+When+girls+are+given+the+power+to+make+an+informed+choice+about+marriage%2C+they+marry+later%3F+Say+%23AgainstMyWill+and+join+%40UNFPA+in+defying+the+practices%2C+like+child+marriage%2C+that+harm+women+and+girls+and+undermine+equality.&amp;hashtags=SWOP2020" data-img="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-child-marriage-3.jpg">

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      VIDEO: When girls make an informed choice, they marry later    </div>

  </a>
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      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/video-background.svg" alt="Background" />
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  <div class="swop20-opposition-bg-edge-divider"></div>

</div>
    </section>

    <section class="swop20-section" id="son-preference">
      
<div class="swop20-divider">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">
    <h2 class="swop20-divider-title swop20-title-1 h-font">
      Son preference    </h2>
    <p class="swop20-divider-subtitle h-font swop20-stamp">
      <span class="swop20-divider-subtitle-border">Unwanted, neglected, erased</span>
    </p>
    <div class="swop20-divider-sharelink swop20-fadein">
      
<div class="swop20-sharelink">
  <a href="javascript:" data-url-fb="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fson-preference" data-url-tw="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fson-preference&amp;text=%23DidYouKnow%3A+When+boys+are+valued+more+highly+than+girls%2C+pressure+to+have+a+son+is+intense%3F+Say+%23AgainstMyWill+and+join+%40UNFPA+in+defying+the+practices%2C+like+son+preference%2C+that+harm+women+and+girls+and+undermine+equality.&amp;hashtags=SWOP2020" data-img="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-son-preference.jpg">

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      <path stroke="none" fill="#e05837" d="M57.52 36.7c-2.1 0-3.98.95-5.25 2.43l-11.3-7.46c.26-.7.4-1.45.4-2.24 0-3.77-3.1-6.83-6.88-6.83s-6.9 3.06-6.9 6.83c0 3.76 3.1 6.83 6.88 6.83 2 0 3.78-.85 5.04-2.2l11.4 7.53c-.18.6-.3 1.27-.3 1.94 0 .36.05.7.1 1.05l-11 7.56c-1.25-1.48-3.13-2.42-5.23-2.42-3.8 0-6.9 3.07-6.9 6.83 0 3.77 3.1 6.83 6.9 6.83s6.87-3.06 6.87-6.83c0-.67-.1-1.32-.3-1.94l10.7-7.36c1.22 1.87 3.34 3.1 5.75 3.1 3.8 0 6.88-3.06 6.88-6.82 0-3.77-3.1-6.84-6.88-6.84zm-23.04-3.24c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03 0-2.22 1.83-4.03 4.08-4.03s4.1 1.8 4.1 4.03c0 2.22-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm0 27.14c-2.25 0-4.08-1.8-4.08-4.03s1.83-4.02 4.08-4.02 4.1 1.8 4.1 4.02-1.84 4.03-4.1 4.03zm23.04-13.03c-2.26 0-4.1-1.8-4.1-4.03 0-2.22 1.84-4.03 4.1-4.03s4.08 1.82 4.08 4.04c0 2.22-1.83 4.03-4.08 4.03z"></path>
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    <div class="swop20-sharelink-description element-hidden">
      Son preference harms women and girls    </div>

  </a>
</div>
    </div>

    <div class="element-invisible">
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/divider/images/background.jpg" alt="Background" />
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</div>
      
<div class="swop20-grid">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

      <div class="swop20-grid-row swop20-grid-txt-img">
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner">
        <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner-2">

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-before" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-1.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
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        <div class="swop20-grid-txt swop20-grid-txt-before">
          <div class="swop20-grid-txt-content swop20-side-padd swop20-fix-margins">
            <p><strong class="b-font">When boys are valued more highly than girls, pressure to have a son is intense.</strong> The preference for sons over daughters may be so pronounced that couples will go to great lengths to avoid giving birth to a girl or will fail to care for the health and well-being of a daughter they already have in favour of their son.</p>          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-after" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-1.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan, Egypt</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        </div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-left" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-1-bg-left.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-1-bg-left.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
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      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-right" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-1-bg-right.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-1-bg-right.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
      </div>
    </div>
      <div class="swop20-grid-row swop20-grid-img-txt">
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner">
        <div class="swop20-grid-row-inner-2">

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-before" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-2.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Sandra AlMoussa, Syria Y-Peer</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-txt swop20-grid-txt-after">
          <div class="swop20-grid-txt-content swop20-side-padd swop20-fix-margins">
            <p><strong class="b-font">gender-biased sex selection:</strong> <em class="i-font">the termination of a pregnancy when the fetus is determined to be female, or preimplantation sex determination and selection, or “sperm sorting” for in-vitro fertilization</em></p><p><strong class="b-font">postnatal sex selection:</strong> <em class="i-font">measured by excess deaths among female infants and young girls, reflecting the continued discrimination against and neglect of female children</em></p>          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="swop20-grid-img swop20-grid-img-after" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-2.jpg);">
          <div class="swop20-credit">Artwork by Sandra AlMoussa, Syria Y-Peer</div>
          <img src="" alt="Photo" class="element-invisible" />
          <div class="swop20-grid-heighter"></div>
        </div>

        </div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-left" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-2-bg-left.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-2-bg-left.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
      </div>
      <div class="swop20-grid-row-bg-right" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-2-bg-right.jpg);">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/grid/images/son-preference-2-bg-right.jpg" alt="Image" class="element-invisible" />
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    </div>
  
</div>
      
<div class="swop20-topic swop20-topic-son-preference" id="son-preference-2">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">

    <div class="swop20-topic-container">
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/topic-son-preference-1.png" alt="" class="swop20-topic-image-left" />

      <div class="swop20-topic-content">
        <h2 class="swop20-topic-title swop20-title-2 h-font">Fertility squeeze</h2>
        <div class="swop20-topic-images-mobile">
          <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/topic-son-preference-1.png" alt="" class="swop20-topic-image-left swop20-topic-image-mobile" />
                    <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/topic-son-preference-2.png" alt="" class="swop20-topic-image-right swop20-topic-image-mobile" />
                  </div>
                                      <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              Son preference is not new, but the trend towards smaller families is. Most women today have three children or fewer. A couple’s chance of not having a son is greater than ever.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy">
              This “fertility squeeze” is more common in countries with family planning policies aimed at a maximum family size of one or two children.            </p>
                                        <p class="swop20-topic-copy swop20-topic-copy-callout swop20-text-xlg b-font">
              About a quarter of all parents with two girls may resort to gender-biased sex selection to avoid the birth of a third girl.            </p>
                          
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    <div class="swop20-sharelink-description element-hidden">
      Son preference isn’t new, but the trend towards smaller families is    </div>

  </a>
</div>
      </div>

              <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/topic/images/topic-son-preference-2.png" alt="" class="swop20-topic-image-right" />
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  <div class="element-invisible">
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<div class="swop20-harm">
  <div class="swop20-harm-inner" style="background-image: url(/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/art-son-preference.png);">
    <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
    <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">
      
      <h2 class="swop20-harm-title swop20-title-1 h-font">
        The harm      </h2>
  
      <div class="swop20-harm-cols">
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          <div class="swop20-harm-col-1">
            <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
            <div class="swop20-harm-description swop20-fix-margins b-font">
              <p>Son preference is a symptom of entrenched gender inequality, which harms whole societies.</p><p>Son preference has also led to gross imbalances in the number of men and women, distorting the sex-ratio balance of countries’ populations, so much so that large numbers of men may be unable to find partners and have children.</p><p>The effects of sex-ratio imbalances can exacerbate problems of gender-based violence, including rape, coerced sex, sexual exploitation, trafficking and child marriage—all of which are human rights violations.</p>            </div>
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          <div class="swop20-harm-col-2">
            <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
            <div class="swop20-harm-tags h-font">
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 18%; left: 43.9%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">poorer <br /> nutrition</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 32.6%; left: 29.4%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">exclusion or <br /> abandonment of <br /> women who give birth <br /> to daughters</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 31.6%; left: 66.9%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">inadequate <br /> schooling</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 47.9%; left: 48.8%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">coerced or forced abortions <br /> for pregnant women</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-medium" style="top: 59.6%; left: 75.4%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">shorter <br /> breastfeeding <br /> times</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-large" style="top: 60.1%; left: 38%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">fewer <br /> inoculations</span>
                </div>
                              <div class="swop20-harm-tag swop20-harm-tag-size-small" style="top: 76.7%; left: 55%;">
                  <span class="swop20-harm-tag-anim">mistreatment or abuse of women <br /> pregnant with girl fetuses</span>
                </div>
                          </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
  
      <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>
      <div class="swop20-harm-counter swop20-stamp">
        <h3 class="swop20-harm-counter-value swop20-color-orange h-font">
          <span class="swop20-harm-counter-count" data-value="140">140</span> million        </h3>
        <p class="swop20-harm-counter-label h-font">females are considered missing today</p>
      </div>
      
      <div class="swop20-credit">Photo by Sufian Abdul-Mouty/UNFPA Sudan</div>
  
      <div class="element-invisible">
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/background.jpg" alt="Background" />
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/tags-bg.png" alt="Background" />
        <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/harm/images/art-son-preference.png" alt="Background" />
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    </div>
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</div>
      
<div class="swop20-opposition" id="son-preference-3">
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  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">

    <h2 class="swop20-opposition-title swop20-title-2 h-font swop20-color-red">
      Opposition is building    </h2>
    <p class="swop20-opposition-description">
      There is broad international consensus on the need for change, although the most effective measures—raising the value of girls and securing gender equality—are also the most elusive.    </p>

    <div class="swop20-opposition-video">

      <div class="swop20-opposition-video-preview swop20-opposition-video-preview-active">
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          <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/play-button.svg" alt="Play">
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          <source src="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/swop20/videos/loop-son-preference.mp4" type="video/mp4">
          <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/son-preference-thumbnail-en.jpg" alt="Video thumb" />
        </video>
      </div>

      <iframe class="swop20-opposition-video-embed" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sU6W6fvkaXc?autoplay=0&amp;autohide=1&amp;controls=1&amp;rel=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;playsinline=1&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;rel=0&amp;color=#e03737&amp;origin=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org" allowfullscreen allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"></iframe>
      <div class="swop20-opposition-video-lightbox"></div>

    </div>

    <div class="swop20-oppisition-sharelink">
      
<div class="swop20-sharelink">
  <a href="javascript:" data-url-fb="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fson-preference-3" data-url-tw="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fswop-2020%2Fson-preference-3&amp;text=It%27s+on+all+of+us+to+protect+the+rights+of+girls+and+achieve+gender+equality.+Say+%23AgainstMyWill+and+join+%40UNFPA+in+defying+the+practices%2C+like+son+preference%2C+that+harm+women+and+girls+and+undermine+equality.&amp;hashtags=SWOP2020" data-img="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/share/share-son-preference-3.jpg">

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    <div class="swop20-sharelink-description element-hidden">
      VIDEO: Son preference isn’t new, but the trend towards smaller families is    </div>

  </a>
</div>
    </div>

    <div class="element-invisible">
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/video-background.svg" alt="Background" />
      <img src="/sites/all/modules/unfpa_global_swop20/elements/opposition/images/bg-edge-root.jpg" alt="Background" />
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  <div class="swop20-opposition-bg-edge-root"></div>

</div>
    </section>

    <section class="swop20-section" id="root-cause">
      
<div class="swop20-root">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">

    <div class="swop20-root-copy">
      <h2 class="swop20-root-title swop20-title-1 h-font">
        The Root Cause      </h2>
      <p class="swop20-root-subtitle swop20-subtitle h-font">
        Gender Inequality      </p>
      <p class="swop20-root-description swop20-text-xlg b-font swop20-color-red">
        Harmful practices perpetuate the dominance of men over women, boys over girls. They are about assigning less value to women and girls. But these harms not only reinforce female subordination—they are tools of control over women’s sexuality and fertility.      </p>
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      <ul class="swop20-root-topic-list">
                  <li>
            <button class="swop20-root-topic swop20-root-topic-fgm h-font">
              FGM            </button>
            <p class="swop20-root-topic-description swop20-root-topic-description-fgm">
              FGM is grounded in misguided beliefs that it improves fertility, enhances sexual pleasure for men, suppresses female sexuality, leads to better hygiene, prevents infidelity, complies with the demands of religious institutions or results in acceptance by the community. It is performed to uphold a girl’s purity, honour and cleanliness, to make her more marriageable and to control her sexuality.            </p>
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                  <li>
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              Child Marriage            </button>
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              Child marriage is frequently motivated by the  desire to preserve a girl’s virginity for her husband. Many parents believe early marriage will safeguard their daughters from sexual violence, allocating responsibility for their daughter’s safety to her husband and his family. The fact that her husband may be a source of sexual violence is seldom considered.            </p>
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                  <li>
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              Son Preference            </button>
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              Son preference, where it manifests as gender-biased sex selection, is also an exertion of social and family preferences over a woman’s fertility.            </p>
          </li>
              </ul>

              <p class="swop20-root-topic-description swop20-root-topic-description-fgm">
          FGM is grounded in misguided beliefs that it improves fertility, enhances sexual pleasure for men, suppresses female sexuality, leads to better hygiene, prevents infidelity, complies with the demands of religious institutions or results in acceptance by the community. It is performed to uphold a girl’s purity, honour and cleanliness, to make her more marriageable and to control her sexuality.        </p>
              <p class="swop20-root-topic-description swop20-root-topic-description-child-marriage">
          Child marriage is frequently motivated by the  desire to preserve a girl’s virginity for her husband. Many parents believe early marriage will safeguard their daughters from sexual violence, allocating responsibility for their daughter’s safety to her husband and his family. The fact that her husband may be a source of sexual violence is seldom considered.        </p>
              <p class="swop20-root-topic-description swop20-root-topic-description-son-preference">
          Son preference, where it manifests as gender-biased sex selection, is also an exertion of social and family preferences over a woman’s fertility.        </p>
          </div>

  </div>
  
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  </div>
  
  <div class="swop20-root-bg-edge"></div>
</div>
    </section>

    <section class="swop20-section" id="defiant">
      
<div class="swop20-defiant">
  <div class="swop20-scrollpos-keeper"></div>

  <div class="swop20-width-wrap swop20-section-padd swop20-side-padd">
    <h2 class="swop20-defiant-title swop20-title-1 h-font">
      Defiant    </h2>
    <p class="swop20-defiant-subtitle swop20-subtitle h-font">
      A world free from harm    </p>

    <div class="swop20-defiant-copy">
      <p class="swop20-defiant-copy-1 swop20-text-xlg">
        There are concrete steps that countries and communities can take <span class="swop20-color-red">to end harmful practices.</span>      </p>

      <p class="swop20-defiant-copy-2">
        Decades of treaties and other agreements unequivocall
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