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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic
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On December 9, 2021 at 3:42:33 AM UTC, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic was accessible when tested on AS212046 in Lithuania.

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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-COVID-19_pandemic rootpage-COVID-19_pandemic skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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	<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" >COVID-19 pandemic</h1>
	<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
		<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
		<div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">&#160;&#160;(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 coronavirus pandemic">2019–20 coronavirus pandemic</a>)</span></div>
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		<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">



</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048617464">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFCCCB">COVID-19 pandemic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Covid-19 SP - UTI V. Nova Cachoeirinha.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg/300px-Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg/450px-Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg/600px-Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1602" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Treating a patient with COVID-19 in critical condition in an ICU </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg" class="image"><img alt="COVID-19 Outbreak World Map Total Deaths per Capita.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg/330px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg/495px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg/660px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population<br />as of 15 November 2021</div>
</div></td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; ; width:100%;">
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2">
<div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg" class="image"><img alt="COVID-19 Outbreak World Map per Capita.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/320px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/480px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg/640px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="1500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Cumulative percentage of population infected<br />as of 28 November 2021</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col plainlist" style="column-width: 8em;column-gap: 0;">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#290000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;&gt;10%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#510000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;3–10%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#900000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;1–3%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#c80200; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;0.3–1%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ee7070; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;0.1–0.3%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;0.03–0.1%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffdfe0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;0–0.03%</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;None or no data</span></li></ul>
</div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disease</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">Coronavirus disease 2019</a> (COVID-19)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Virus strain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome<br />coronavirus 2</a> (SARS‑CoV‑2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Bats,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> likely indirectly<sup id="cite_ref-who-origins-20210330_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Worldwide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">Index case</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, Hubei, China<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=COVID-19_pandemic&amp;params=30_37_11_N_114_15_28_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-42"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°37′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">114°15′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.61972°N 114.25778°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">30.61972; 114.25778</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">November&#160;2019<span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2019-11</span>)</span> – present<br />(2&#160;years)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Confirmed cases</th><td class="infobox-data">267,692,393<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Deaths</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,277,841<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> (reported) <br /> 8.7–20.8 million (estimated)<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COVID-19_Projections_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COVID-19_Projections-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic" title="Category:COVID-19 pandemic">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">COVID-19 pandemic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" class="image" title="Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each &quot;ball&quot; is an atom."><img alt="Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each &quot;ball&quot; is an atom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/110px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/165px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png/220px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (disease)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">SARS-CoV-2</a> (virus)</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">Cases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">2019</a></b><br />
<p><b>2020</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<p><b>2021</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Locations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">By country and territory</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></li></ul>
<p><b>By conveyance</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Cruise ships</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships">Naval ships</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;">International response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">Investigations into origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">Misinformation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">By governments</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">US</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake treatments</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_anti-lockdown_protests_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 anti-lockdown protests in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" title="Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic">United Nations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="World Health Organization&#39;s response to the COVID-19 pandemic">World Health Organization</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waiver_from_certain_provisions_of_the_TRIPS_Agreement_for_the_Prevention,_Containment_and_Treatment_of_COVID-19" title="Waiver from certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of COVID-19">WTO IP waiver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country" title="Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country">Undercounting of deaths</a></li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">UK</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">US</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">federal government</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;">Medical response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">Disease testing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer" title="Coronavirus breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests" title="Development of COVID-19 tests">Development</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drug development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">Drug repurposing</a></li></ul>
<p><b><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">Vaccines</a></b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research" title="COVID-19 vaccine clinical research">Research</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination" title="Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination">VITT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations" title="List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations">Authorizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Misinformation and hesitancy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card" title="COVID-19 vaccine card">Vaccine card</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">Vaccine passports</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Convidecia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Variant_of_concern" title="Variant of concern">Variants of concern</a></b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Other variants</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant">Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant">Zeta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant">Eta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant">Theta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant">Iota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant">Kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant">Lambda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant">Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617" title="SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617">Lineage B.1.617</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic impact</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Arts and culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation">Aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">Cinema</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">films</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_events_affected_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of events affected by the COVID-19 pandemic">Events</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">Fashion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial markets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry">Food industry</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada">Canadian meat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States">US meat</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Journalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts">Performing arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail">Retail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on shipping">Shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports">Sports</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports">Philippines</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television">Television</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">US</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul>
<p><b>By country</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">US</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impacts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_animals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on animals">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_black_people" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people">Black people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime">Crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">Death rates by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities">Disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic">Emergency evacuations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_the_COVID-19_crisis_on_female_education" title="Impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on female education">Female</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals">Hospitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities">Long-term care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" title="Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">Symptoms</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration">Migration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">Notable deaths</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa" title="List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Other health issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons">Prisons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Religion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Social media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Society</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_suicide_rates" title="Impact of COVID-19 on suicide rates">Suicides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry">Telehealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
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<p>The <b>COVID-19 pandemic</b>, also known as the <b>coronavirus pandemic</b>, is an ongoing global <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">coronavirus disease 2019</a> (COVID-19) caused by <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (SARS-CoV-2). The <a href="/wiki/Novel_virus" title="Novel virus">novel virus</a> was first identified in the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> in December 2019; a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China" title="COVID-19 lockdown in China">lockdown there</a> and in other cities in surrounding <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> failed to contain the outbreak. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) declared a <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern" title="Public Health Emergency of International Concern">Public Health Emergency of International Concern</a> on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">variants of the virus</a> emerged, led by the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a> variants. As of 8 December 2021, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">more than 267<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>million cases</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">5.27<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>million deaths</a> have been confirmed, making the pandemic one of the <a href="/wiki/Deadliest_pandemics_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadliest pandemics in history">deadliest in history</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 symptoms">COVID-19 symptoms</a> range from <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">none</a> to life-threatening. Severe illness is more likely in elderly patients and those with certain underlying medical conditions. COVID-19 is <a href="/wiki/Airborne_transmission" title="Airborne transmission">airborne</a>, spread via air contaminated by microscopic particles. The risk of infection is highest among people in close proximity, but can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors in poorly ventilated areas. Transmission can also occur, albeit rarely, via contaminated surfaces or fluids. Infected persons can remain contagious for up to 20 days, and can spread the virus even absent symptoms.
</p><p>Vaccines have been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">approved and distributed</a> in various countries. <a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Mass vaccination campaigns</a> began in December 2020. Other recommended <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive measures</a> include <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">social distancing</a>, wearing <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks</a> in public, ventilation/air-filtering, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_etiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory etiquette">covering one's mouth when sneezing or coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a>, disinfecting surfaces, and <a href="/wiki/Self-isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-isolation">quarantining</a> those who have been exposed or are symptomatic. <a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatments</a> focus on addressing symptoms, but work is underway to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">develop antiviral medications</a>. Governmental interventions include <a href="/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic">travel restrictions</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdowns</a>, business closures, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">workplace hazard controls</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">testing</a> protocols, and <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">tracing contacts</a> of the infected.
</p><p>The pandemic triggered severe <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic disruption</a> around the world, including <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">the largest global recession</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RFXoH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFXoH-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Widespread supply shortages</a> were caused by <a href="/wiki/Panic_buying" title="Panic buying">panic buying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> disruption, and <a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">food shortages</a>. The resultant near-global lockdowns saw an <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">unprecedented decrease in the emission of pollutants</a>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">educational institutions</a> and public areas partially or fully closed, and many <a href="/wiki/List_of_events_affected_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of events affected by the COVID-19 pandemic">events were cancelled or postponed</a>. <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">Misinformation</a> circulated through <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">mass media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">political tensions</a> intensified. The pandemic raised issues of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">racial and geographic discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">health equity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">the balance</a> between public health imperatives and individual rights.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Epidemiology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Epidemiology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cases"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cases</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Deaths"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Deaths</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reporting"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reporting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Infection_fatality_ratio_(IFR)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Infection fatality ratio (IFR)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Case_fatality_ratio_(CFR)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Case fatality ratio (CFR)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Disease"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Disease</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Signs_and_symptoms"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Signs and symptoms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Transmission"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transmission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cause"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cause</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Diagnosis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Prevention"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Prevention</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Vaccines"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Vaccines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Treatment"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Variants"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Variants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Prognosis"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Prognosis</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Strategies"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Strategies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Containment"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Containment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Mitigation"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mitigation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Non-pharmaceutical_interventions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-pharmaceutical interventions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Other_measures"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other measures</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Contact_tracing"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Contact tracing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Health_care"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Health care</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Improvised_manufacturing"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Improvised manufacturing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Herd_immunity"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Herd immunity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#2019"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">2019</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#2020"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">2020</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#2021"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">2021</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#National_responses"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">National responses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Asia"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#South_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">South Korea</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#North_America"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">North America</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#South_America"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">South America</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Oceania"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Oceania</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Antarctica"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Antarctica</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#International_responses"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">International responses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Travel_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Travel restrictions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Evacuation_of_foreign_citizens"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Evacuation of foreign citizens</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#United_Nations_response_measures"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">United Nations response measures</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#WHO_response_measures"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">WHO response measures</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Protests_against_governmental_measures"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Protests against governmental measures</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Economics"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Economics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="#Supply_shortages"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Supply shortages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-60"><a href="#Oil_and_other_energy_markets"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Oil and other energy markets</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-63"><a href="#China_2"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-64"><a href="#Italy_2"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-65"><a href="#United_States_2"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-66"><a href="#Other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">8.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other countries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="#Agriculture_and_food_systems"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Agriculture and food systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-69"><a href="#Other_health_issues"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Other health issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-70"><a href="#Environment_and_climate"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Environment and climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-71"><a href="#Discrimination_and_prejudice"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Discrimination and prejudice</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-72"><a href="#Lifestyle_changes"><span class="tocnumber">8.9</span> <span class="toctext">Lifestyle changes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-73"><a href="#Information_dissemination"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Information dissemination</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-74"><a href="#Misinformation"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Misinformation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-75"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-76"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-77"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-78"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-79"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-80"><a href="#Health_agencies"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health agencies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-81"><a href="#Directories"><span class="tocnumber">14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Directories</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-82"><a href="#Data_and_graphs"><span class="tocnumber">14.3</span> <span class="toctext">Data and graphs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-83"><a href="#Medical_journals"><span class="tocnumber">14.4</span> <span class="toctext">Medical journals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<p>The pandemic is known by several names. It is often referred to as its colloquial name, "the coronavirus pandemic",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> despite the existence of other <a href="/wiki/Human_coronaviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronaviruses">human coronaviruses</a> that have caused epidemics and outbreaks (e.g. <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> 
</p><p>During <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">the initial outbreak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 guidance and international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-naming_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-naming-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom" title="Tedros Adhanom">Tedros Adhanom</a> explained: CO<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>for <i>corona</i>, VI<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>for <i>virus</i>, D<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>for <i>disease</i> and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> The WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-naming_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-naming-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>Virus <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">variants</a> are also known by multiple names. Initially, they were commonly named after where the variants were identified (e.g. Delta variant was known as the Indian variant).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> A more systematic naming scheme reflected the variant's <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages" title="Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages">PANGO lineage</a> (e.g., Omicron's lineage is B.1.1.529). At the end of May 2021, the WHO introduced a policy of using <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letters</a> for variants of concern and variants of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC.May.31.2021_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC.May.31.2021-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1048617464"/><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">For country-level <a href="/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data" title="Template:COVID-19 pandemic data">data</a>, see:</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="padding:3px 0; font-size:larger;"><b><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country" title="732-bar-chart"><img alt="732-bar-chart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/80px-732-bar-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/120px-732-bar-chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/732-bar-chart.svg/160px-732-bar-chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr style="text-align:center"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px"><b><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">Cases</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">267,692,393</span></div><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px"><b><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">Deaths</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">5,277,841</span></div>
<div>As of 8 December 2021<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup></div>
<div class="hlist nowraplinks" style="margin:5px 10px 5px;font-weight:bold;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">Investigations into the origin of COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei">COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei</a></div>
<p>Although the exact origin of the virus is still unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-To2021lessons_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To2021lessons-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> the first known <a href="/wiki/Outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak">outbreak</a> started in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, Hubei, China, in November 2019. Many early cases of COVID-19 were linked to people who had visited the <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market</a> in Wuhan,<sup id="cite_ref-Sun2020epidemiology_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun2020epidemiology-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maxmen2021whoReport_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> but it is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before this.<sup id="cite_ref-Hu2020natureReviews_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graham2020immunity_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered virus that is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Bat_virome#Coronaviruses" title="Bat virome">bat coronaviruses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LancetNowcasting_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LancetNowcasting-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolin</a> coronaviruses,<sup id="cite_ref-ia56U_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ia56U-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang6April2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang6April2020-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECDC_risk_assessment_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECDC_risk_assessment-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> origin, from bats or another closely-related mammal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hu2020natureReviews_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> Despite this, the subject has generated extensive speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graham2020immunity_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> The origin controversy heightened geopolitical divisions, notably between the United States and China.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest known infected person fell ill on 1<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>December 2019. That person did not have visible connections with the later <a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market#Link_to_COVID-19" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">wet market</a> cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoDW-67_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-67-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang24Jan2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang24Jan2020-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> However, an earlier case may have occurred on 17 November.<sup id="cite_ref-November_case_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-November_case-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> Two-thirds of the initial case cluster were linked with the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang24Jan2020_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang24Jan2020-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joseph24Jan2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph24Jan2020-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-han24Jan2020_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han24Jan2020-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a> analysis suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">index case</a> is likely to have been infected between mid-October and mid-November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cases">Cases</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">COVID-19 pandemic cases</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg/350px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg/525px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg/700px-COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="1500" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cumulative confirmed cases by country, as of 1 December 2021<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1022511316">.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key-wide{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#290000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;10,000,000+</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#510000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;1,000,000–9,999,999</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#900000; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;100,000–999,999</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#c80200; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;10,000–99,999</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ee7070; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;1,000–9,999</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;100–999</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffdfe0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;1–99</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;0</div></li></ul></div></div></div></div>
<p>Official case counts refer to the number of people who have been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">tested for COVID-19</a> and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-1ceLG_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1ceLG-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J0rix_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J0rix-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-elpais640000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elpais640000-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20200313reuters_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200313reuters-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> An analysis of the outbreak up to 23 January estimated that 86 percent of COVID-19 infections had not been detected, and that these undocumented infections were the source for 79 percent of documented cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_eabb3221_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_eabb3221-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> Several other studies claimed that total infections are considerably greater than reported cases.<sup id="cite_ref-WqXOo_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WqXOo-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BtFLV_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BtFLV-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>On 9 April 2020, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Case-Cluster-Study" title="COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study">preliminary results</a> found that in <a href="/wiki/Gangelt" title="Gangelt">Gangelt</a>, the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 percent of a population sample tested positive for <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-otW1O_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otW1O-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood donor">blood donors</a> in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.<sup id="cite_ref-rCdvL_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rCdvL-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20200416reuters_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200416reuters-53">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seroprevalence" title="Seroprevalence">Seroprevalence</a>-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-0LgFK_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0LgFK-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>An analysis in early 2020 of cases by age in China indicated that a relatively low proportion of cases occurred in individuals under 20.<sup id="cite_ref-statista1095024_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statista1095024-55">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> It was not clear whether this was because young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.<sup id="cite_ref-vox21190033_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox21190033-56">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> A retrospective <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort study</a> in China found that <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">children</a> and adults were just as likely to be infected.<sup id="cite_ref-489Q3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-489Q3-57">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>Initial estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">basic reproduction number</a> (R<sub>0</sub>) for COVID-19 in January were between 1.4 and 2.5,<sup id="cite_ref-WFNfK_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFNfK-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 percent <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> of 3.8 to 8.9).<sup id="cite_ref-mmCQc_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmCQc-59">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> R<sub>0</sub> can vary across populations/circumstances and is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Effective_reproduction_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective reproduction number">effective reproduction number</a> (commonly just called R), which takes into account mitigation efforts and <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a>.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 337.33333333333px"><div style="width: 337.33333333333px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 335.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/503px-Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/754px-Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="622" /></a></div></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the current top six countries (mean with deaths)
</p>
			</div>
		</div></li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310px"><div style="width: 310px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 308px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_total_cases_per_100_000_population_from_selected_countries.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Covid-19_total_cases_per_100_000_population_from_selected_countries.png/462px-Covid-19_total_cases_per_100_000_population_from_selected_countries.png" decoding="async" width="308" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Covid-19_total_cases_per_100_000_population_from_selected_countries.png/693px-Covid-19_total_cases_per_100_000_population_from_selected_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Covid-19_total_cases_per_100_000_population_from_selected_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="565" /></a></div></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">
<p>COVID-19 total cases per 100 000 population from selected countries<sup id="cite_ref-ECDC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECDC-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
			</div>
		</div></li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310px"><div style="width: 310px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 308px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_Active_Cases_per_100_000_population.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/COVID-19_Active_Cases_per_100_000_population.png/462px-COVID-19_Active_Cases_per_100_000_population.png" decoding="async" width="308" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/COVID-19_Active_Cases_per_100_000_population.png/693px-COVID-19_Active_Cases_per_100_000_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/COVID-19_Active_Cases_per_100_000_population.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="565" /></a></div></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">
<p>COVID-19 active cases per 100 000 population from selected countries<sup id="cite_ref-ECDC_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECDC-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
			</div>
		</div></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Deaths">Deaths</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">COVID-19 pandemic deaths</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">List of deaths due to COVID-19</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/220px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/330px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg/440px-COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></div></div>
<p>As of 8 December 2021, more than 5.27<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>million<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. Official deaths from COVID-19 generally refer to people who died after testing positive. Such counts may ignore deaths of people who die without a test.<sup id="cite_ref-20200331reuters_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200331reuters-61">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to over-counting.<sup id="cite_ref-stuff120443722_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuff120443722-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> Comparisons of statistics for deaths for all causes versus multi-year averages reflect <a href="/wiki/Mortality_displacement" title="Mortality displacement">excess mortality</a> in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_2020_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_2020-63">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gR8g3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gR8g3-64">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> These include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-20200429reason_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200429reason-65">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoDW-25_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoDW-25-66">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> The first reported death outside of China occurred on<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>1 February 2020 in the Philippines,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2020PhilDeath_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2020PhilDeath-67">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> and the first reported death outside Asia was in the United States on 6 February 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-FpBPA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FpBPA-68">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>The time between symptom onset and death usually ranges from<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.<sup id="cite_ref-pathogenesis_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathogenesis-69">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> People at the greatest risk of mortality from COVID-19 are the elderly (age 65 years or older) and those with underlying conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6XONR_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6XONR-71">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes" title="Complications of diabetes">complications of diabetes</a>, anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-wBm2a_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wBm2a-73">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.<sup id="cite_ref-worldindata_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldindata-75">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.<sup id="cite_ref-npr841005901_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr841005901-76">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is <span data-sort-value="7000197160664180696♠" style="display:none"></span>1.97&#160;percent (5,277,841 deaths for 267,692,393 cases) as of 8 December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_ticker_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_ticker-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> The number varies by region.<sup id="cite_ref-b0L7I_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b0L7I-77">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 350.66666666667px"><div style="width: 350.66666666667px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 348.66666666667px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/523px-Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png" decoding="async" width="349" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png/784px-Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="594" /></a></div></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
</p>
			</div>
		</div></li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310px"><div style="width: 310px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 308px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:COVID-19_deaths_per_100,000_population.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COVID-19_deaths_per_100%2C000_population.png/462px-COVID-19_deaths_per_100%2C000_population.png" decoding="async" width="308" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COVID-19_deaths_per_100%2C000_population.png/693px-COVID-19_deaths_per_100%2C000_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/COVID-19_deaths_per_100%2C000_population.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="565" /></a></div></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">
<p>COVID-19 deaths per 100 000 population from selected countries<sup id="cite_ref-ECDC_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECDC-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
			</div>
		</div></li>
</ul><p>Official death counts have been criticised for underreporting the actual death toll, because comparisons of death rates before and during the pandemic show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 9.5 to 18.6 million by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, as well as over 10.3 million by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COVID-19_Projections_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COVID-19_Projections-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup>
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Reporting">Reporting</span></h4>
<p>On 24 March 2020, the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) indicated the WHO had provided two codes for COVID-19: U07.1 when confirmed by laboratory testing and U07.2 for clinically or epidemiological diagnosis where laboratory confirmation is inconclusive or not available.<sup id="cite_ref-MsVEW_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MsVEW-78">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup> The CDC noted that "Because laboratory test results are not typically reported on death certificates in the US, [the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics" title="National Center for Health Statistics">National Center for Health Statistics</a> (NCHS)] is not planning to implement U07.2 for mortality statistics" and that U07.1 would be used "If the death certificate reports terms such as 'probable COVID-19' or 'likely COVID-19'." The CDC also noted "It Is not likely that NCHS will follow up on these cases" and while the "underlying cause depends upon what and where conditions are reported on the death certificate, ... the rules for coding and selection of the ... cause of death are expected to result in COVID–19 being the underlying cause more often than not."<sup id="cite_ref-MsVEW_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MsVEW-78">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>On 16 April 2020, the WHO, in its formal publication of the two codes, U07.1 and U07.2, "recognized that in many countries detail as to the laboratory confirmation&#160;... will not be reported [and] recommended, for mortality purposes only, to code COVID-19 provisionally to code U07.1 unless it is stated as 'probable' or 'suspected'."<sup id="cite_ref-d3wei_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d3wei-80">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5aSHW_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5aSHW-81">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> It was also noted that the WHO "does not distinguish" between infection by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauser_2020_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauser_2020-82">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Infection_fatality_ratio_.28IFR.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Infection_fatality_ratio_(IFR)">Infection fatality ratio (IFR)</span></h4>
<table class="wikitable floatright">
<caption><span class="nowrap">IFR estimate per age group</span><sup id="cite_ref-EJE_levinetal_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-83">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Age group</th>
<th>IFR
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>0–34</td>
<td>0.004%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>35–44</td>
<td>0.068%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>45–54</td>
<td>0.23%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>55–64</td>
<td>0.75%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>65–74</td>
<td>2.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>75–84</td>
<td>8.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>85 +</td>
<td>28.3%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>A crucial metric in assessing a disease is the <a href="/wiki/Infection_fatality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection fatality rate">infection fatality ratio</a> (IFR), which is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections).<sup id="cite_ref-fjMw6_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjMw6-84">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHOest_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOest-85">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ovoEx_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovoEx-86">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup> Epidemiologists frequently refer to this metric as the 'infection fatality rate' to clarify that it is expressed in percentage points (not as a decimal).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup> Other published studies refer to this metric as the 'infection fatality risk'.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2020, a review article in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>Children and younger adults faced much lower IFRs (e.g., 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25) compared with higher IFRs for older adults (0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ~10,000 across the age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-EJE_levinetal_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-83">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup> For comparison the risk for middle-aged adults of a fatal COVID-19 infection is two orders of magnitude more likely than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and far more dangerous than seasonal influenza.<sup id="cite_ref-EJE_levinetal_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-83">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy; these estimates included fatalities in elderly care facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-EJE_levinetal_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-83">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup> This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.
</p>
<h4><span id="Case_fatality_ratio_.28CFR.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Case_fatality_ratio_(CFR)">Case fatality ratio (CFR)</span></h4>
<p>Another metric in assessing death rate is the <a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">case fatality ratio</a> (CFR),<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">&#91;a&#93;</a></sup> which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals (and particularly on those manifesting more severe symptoms).<sup id="cite_ref-Hauser_2020_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauser_2020-82">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup> On 4 August 2020, WHO indicated "at this early stage of the pandemic, most estimates of fatality ratios have been based on cases detected through surveillance and calculated using crude methods, giving rise to widely variable estimates of CFR by country – from less than 0.1% to over 25%."<sup id="cite_ref-WHOest_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOest-85">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Disease">Disease</span></h2>
<p>{{Main|COVID-19}
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms of COVID-19</a></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r952607947">.mw-parser-output .excerpt .selflink{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}</style><div class="excerpt">
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/260px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/390px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg/520px-Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1001" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a> of COVID-19</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms of COVID-19</a> are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_CDC2020Sym_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_CDC2020Sym-92">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_Grant_et_al_2020_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_Grant_et_al_2020-93">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> Common symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">loss of smell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">taste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_Obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal Obstruction">nasal congestion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">runny nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle pain">muscle pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breathing_difficulties" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing difficulties">breathing difficulties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_ECDC_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_ECDC-94">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_ECDC_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_ECDC-94">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, <a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">loss of taste</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">loss of smell</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_Paderno_2020_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_Paderno_2020-95">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_Chabot_2021_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_Chabot_2021-96">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_pmid32483687_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_pmid32483687-97">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup>
</p><p>Of people who show symptoms, 81% develop only mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>), while 14% develop severe symptoms (<a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging) and 5% of patients suffer critical symptoms (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Organ_dysfunction" title="Organ dysfunction">multiorgan dysfunction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Symptoms_of_COVID-19_C

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